Animal Cells, Tissues, and Organs - Exercise 12
Objectives
-Know the four main types of human tissues
-Be able to identify various tissues.
-You have to learn how to distinguish tissues.
-Know the three different types of white blood cells.
Page 1 - Lab Book
Most multicellular animals exhibit the organization
of cells into special types of cells called tissues. In
turn, tissues are organized into organs, and organs
into organ systems. Although tissue organization is
found in both plants and animals, the types of animal
tissue are not the same as those found in plants. For
example, plants do not have muscle or nervous tissue.
• What are the four main tissue types in a human?
• What are the four main tissues in a human?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve
tissues.
• If your going to take Anatomy and Physiology this is
going to come back, so keep this in the back of your
head.
Epithelial Tissue
Page 1 - Lab Book
Epithelial Tissue: This type of tissue covers the
exterior of the body and lines all internal spaces,
tubes, and cavities. Epithelial tissue protects the
underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical
damage, regulates the passage of materials, may
secrete materials into a space, cavity or tube, may
absorb materials from a space, cavity, or tube, and
may provide sensory functions.
• Epithelium is classified according to the shape of its cells. There are 3
types of cell shapes. Major types of epithelial tissues:
• Squamos (simple or stratified) à think of “squish” or FLAT
• Cuboidal (simple or stratified) à think of “cube” or SQUARE shaped
• Columnar (simple) just as the words sounds . . . COLUMN
• How do you tell the differentiate between simple vs. stratified epithelium?
• Simple this is simple so there is only ONE layer
• Stratified opposite of simple . . . so it’s complicated or MULTIPLE layers
• Pseudostratified columnar à tricky! It looks like it is stratified, but
remember to look for the nuclei at different levels. SO IN reallity this is a
simple Columnar epithelium.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Kidney Tubles
Identify: Cuboidal cell, nucleus
Stratified Squamos Epithelium - Esophagus
Identify: Stratified Squamos
Epithelium & nucleus
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium - Trachea
Identify: Cilia, goblet cells
, columnar cell, nucleus.
Connective Tissue
Page 3 - Lab Book
This what it sounds like it connects everything together.
It’s a diverse group of animal tissue which includes
cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, blood, and fat. They
support the body, hold tissues and organs together,
defend the body, and store food. The cells are not tightly
packed, but rather are typically suspended and scattered
in an extensive extracellular matrix. The classification of
connective tissue is based more on function and the
nature of the matrix (liquid, fibery, solid) than on the
morphology of the cells themselves.
Cartilage - Trachea
Identify: Chondrocyte,
,lacuna, matrix, & nucleus.
Bone (Osseous Tissue) – Ground Bone
Identify: Haversion canal,
Osteocytes, matrix, & canaliculi
Blood – Red Blood Cell aka Erythrocytes (RBC)
& White Blood Cell aka leucocytes (WBC)
Blood – WBC - Neutrophils
Multi-lobed nucleus in which the
individual lobes may be connected.
Blood – WBC - Monocyte
Single curved or horse-shoe
shaped nucleus.
Blood – WBC - Lymphocyte
Nucleus is very large and
occupies more than 8590%. Some are called B
cells and produce
antibodies, and
help with immunity.
Adipose Tissue (fat)
Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole.
Areolar Tissue
Identify: Matrix, collagenous fibers
= light pink threads, elastic fibers =
hair like structures, fibroblast = cell.
Muscle Tissue
Page 7 - Lab Book
The functions of muscle (contractile) tissue are to
move material within the body, move body parts, or
move the entire organism in space. All muscle cells
execute their function by contracting. There are three
types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Identify: Striations = black lines,
nuclei = black dots, & fiber aka skeletal
muscle cells = whole pink/red structure.
It’s smooth because its missing
striations, but it has all
components of muscle cells.
Smooth Muscle
-Circular layer of smooth muscle =
innermost layer (thickest)
-longitudinal layer of smooth muscle =
outermost layer
Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus
Nervous Tissue
Page 9 - Lab Book
This is composed of neurons that transmit nerve
impulses and neuroglial cells that support and
nourish the neurons. Nervous tissue functions in the
coordination of the activities of the organism.
Nervous Tissue = neurons – Spinal Cord
Identify: Cell body, nucleus, nucleolus,
cytoplasmic extension, neuroglial cell.
Sperm Cells
Identify: Sperm head & flagellum
Questions: Page 10-12 - Lab Book
• 2. What is the difference between simple and stratified
epithelium?
• 4. Name two examples of connective tissue that you
observed in lab that have a hard and dense matrix?
• Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in
lab today that have a soft and watery matrix.
• 7. What is the function of a neuron?
• What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)?
Questions: Page 10-12 - Lab Book
• 2. What is the difference between simple and stratified
epithelium?
• 4. Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in
lab that have a hard and dense matrix? Bone and cartilage.
• Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab
today that have a soft and watery matrix. Blood, lymph, or
Areolar
• 7. What is the function of a neuron? Send nerve impulses
throughout body.
• What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)? To maintain
the neuron, clean it, feed it, and do everything for them.
Questions: Page 12 - Lab Book
• 8.
a) How is an organ different from a tissue?
b) How is an organ system different from an organ?
Acknowledgments
Tacy Holliday
Meg Birney
Scot Magnotta
Kristin Hensley
Alam Rashidul
Barbara Hoberman
& anybody who I forgot