




D
Lymphatic system
Immune System
System of canals and filters that purify the blood.
 Old RBCs and Bacterial cells
 designed to protect the body from current and future invasions.
Lymph: ICF Intercellular fluid, bathes body cells
 Lymphocytes
 T-cells, B-cells
Lymph Vessels
 Phagocytes
Lymph nodes: Tiny filters
(the bodies watch dog)
Organs: Tonsils, adenoids, spleen
(the bodies filtering and recycling station)

Section 40-1
Pathogen
Types
Viruses
Disease
Common cold
Influenza
Bacteria
Chickenpox
Measles
Tuberculosis
Protists
Worms
Fungi
Meningitis
Cholera
Tetanus
African sleeping sickness
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
Schistosomiasis
Beef tapeworm
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Agent That Causes
Disease
Rhinovirus
Two types (A, B), plus subtypes
Varicella
Paramyxovirus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Neisseria meningitidis
Vibrio cholerae
Clostridium tetani
Trypanosoma
Plasmodium
Entamoeba histolytica
Schistosoma
Taenia saginata
Imperfect fungi
Imperfect fungi
Method of
Transmission
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Airborne; droplet infection; direct contact with infected person
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Droplets in air; direct contact with secretions of infected person
Droplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products
Direct contact with a carrier
Contaminated drinking water
Contaminated wound; usually puncture wound
Spread by tsetse fly
Spread by Anopheles mosquitoes
Contaminated drinking water
Freshwater streams and rice paddies
Contaminated meat
Contact with infected person
Exchange of hats, combs, or athletic head gear with infected person

Tonsils
Adenoid
Thymus
Thoracic Duct
Appendix
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Bone Marrow

Adenoids are masses of tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity (they are not visible except with a special instrument used by a health professional).
Both tonsils and adenoids are part of the system that helps the body to fight infection (the lymphatic system). They are located near the entrance of the breathing passages so that they will come into contact with bacteria and viruses that come in through the mouth and nose. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with the tonsils or adenoids, the body's immune system can begin to work by producing antibodies

Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth, and throat (pharynx). There are three groups of tonsils. The pharyngeal tonsils are located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx. When these tonsils become enlarged they may interfere with breathing and are called adenoids. The palatine tonsils are the ones that are located near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx.
Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue, which also places them near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx.
Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils provide protection against harmful substances and pathogens that may enter the body through the nose or mouth.

The spleen is part of the circulatory and the lymphatic systems.
Found between the stomach and the diaphragm.
Produces certain types of blood cells

Physical
Barriers
WBC,
Monocy tes
WBC,
Basophils
Nonspecific
Defence
Phagocytes
WBC,
Neutrophils
WBC,
Eosinophils specific defence
Lyphocytes cell mediated antibody mediated
T cells
B cells

 The ability of the body to resist a particular disease. Ex. Bacterial, fungal, Viral, etc.
 Or not get kicked off of survivor!

 Milkmaids who contracted cowpox seemed not to catch smallpox?
 1796 Edward Jenner tested a theory
 He injected fluid from a cowpox sore into the small cut of his young male assistant.
 He developed cowpox.
 He then injected the boy with the fluid from a small pox sore
 He remained healthy

 Cowpox, (recoverable)
 Smallpox (Fatal)
Both are caused by closely related viruses

 What did this Prove??
1.
2.
3.
4.
The boy was introduced to a weakened or mild form of the disease.
His body was able to develop a defense against it.
Jenner developed the method of Vaccination to give people immunity to small pox.
This method was later extended to the prevention of many other diseases..
 HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???

1.
2.
The body must have the ability to distinguish “self” from “NON-self cells
.(Foreign cells)
When the body detects NON-self or foreign cells an
IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs.
3.
**These non-self cells are called ANTIGENS.**
The body does this by identifying the proteins that make up the antigens surface. (Carbohydrates and
Nucleic Acids also may be identified)
 HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???



Phagocytes have already started engulfing the antigens. NON-specifically
Lymphocytes are called in that recognize and try to destroy antigens.

Natural, born with these anitbodies.
Ty pes of
Immunity
Inborn Immunity
Acquired
Immunity
Activ e
Passiv e
Dev eloped immunity

1. Antigen Processing.
When the macrophage eats bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains and are then "displayed" on the macrophage surface.

2.
Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell
When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same antigen on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production.

3. Antibody Production. The stimulated B cell undergoes enlargement and differentiation to form antibodies.
A specific antigen recognition of the invader causes an antibody to bind to the bacteria making them easier to ingest by white cells.

A human macrophage
(gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus
pyogenes (yellow).
Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte.
Both macrophages and lymphocytes can be found near an infection

1 . The immune response begins when a white blood cell called a macrophage encounters a virus and consumes it. Meanwhile, other viruses look for nearby cells to infect.

2 . Next, the macrophage digests the virus and displays pieces of the virus called antigens on its surface.
Nearby cells have now become infected by the attacking viruses.

3 . Unique among the many different helper T cells
(another class of white blood cells) in the body one particular helper T cell now recognizes the antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.

4 . This union stimulates the production of chemical substances that allow intercellular communication.
Such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor
(TNF) by the macrophage, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-y) by the T cell

5 . As part of the continuing process,
IL-2 instructs other helper T's and a different class of T cells, the killer T's, to multiply. The proliferating helper T's in turn release substances that cause B cells to multiply and produce antibodies.

6 . The killer T cells now begin shooting holes in host cells that have been infected by viruses.

7 . The antibodies released by the B cells bind to antigens on the surfaces of free-floating viruses.
Besides making it easier for macrophages to destroy viruses, this binding signals blood components called complement to puncture holes in the viruses.

8 . Finally, as the infection is brought under control, the activated T and B cells are turned off by suppressor T cells. However, a few
"memory cells" remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.

n you own words Please
Section 40-2 explain this graph. Hint: Primary and
Secondary Immune Responses
First exposure
Interval between exposures
Second exposure
Time

Section 40-2
Skin
Wound
Bacteria enter the wound
Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris
Capillary

Video 1
Inflammatory Response
Video
1

Section 40-2
Antigenbinding sites
Antigen
Antibody

Section 40-2
First
Exposur e

Section 40-2
First
Exposur e
Second
Exposur e

Video 2
Humoral Immunity

Macrophage
T cell binds to activated macrophage
Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells
Helper
T Cell
Killer
T Cell
Antigens are displayed on surface of macrophage
T Cell
T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell
Infected Cell
Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them

Video 3
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Video
3

Infected
Body Cells
Attacks
8 .
Virus
Engulfed by
Killer T Cells
Macrophage it displays antigen
Binds to
T-Helper stimulates
B Cell
Recognition
Sorry we dont know this one or we would hav e produced antibodies
Attracts
Macrophages
Then attacked by
Free floating invaders and weaken them
Bind to
Antibodies produce
Promote B lymphocytes production, activation, and
Forms will
Secretes
Cytokins
(hormone)
Stimulate
Memory B cells suppressor T cells turn off
B and T cells production
For recognition if exposed at a later time

Section 40-3
 as allergies.
 2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold?
 3. What types of objects are people allergic to?
 4. How are allergies treated?

A. Allergies
B. Asthma
C. Autoimmune Diseases
D. AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease
1.The Virus That Causes AIDS
2.Transmission of HIV
3.Preventing HIV Infection
4.Can AIDS Be Cured?

Video 1
Inflammatory Response
Video
1




An over reaction by the immune system.
Allergens :
 pollen, mold spores, dust + dust mites, FOOD
Mast cells  "mastzellen," "feeding-cells
 wrong meaning!!!!!
 Specialized cells that initiate INFLAMATION response to protect tissues
 They Secrete HISTAMINE which:


Increases blood flow
Increases mucus production in air ways



Leads to sneezing
Runny nose
Watery eyes

 Narrowing of Air Passage ways
 Due to Genetics and Environment
 Leads to Wheezing, coughing,
 Triggered by exercise, colds, pollen, dust, smoke
 Leading cause of illness in children

 Immune system makes a mistake and attacks
(using antibodies) the body’s own cells
 It produces an autoimmune disease:
 Type 1 Diabetes: attack insulin producing cells of panaceas
 Rhematoid arthritis: attacks connective tissues around joints
 Myasthenia gravis: nerve cell junctions, acetylcholine
 Multiple sclerosis: Destroys nerve and brain cellsin specific areas
 Lupus: Varies form mostly systemic
 Immune Suppressive drug treatments

Section 40-3
Infection;
Immune system eliminates most of HIV
Symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, are few
Loss of immune function more apparent; appearance of characteristic diseases such as yeast infections
Almost total loss of cellular immunity;
AIDS
Relative HIV concentration
T cell concentration
Years

Section 40-4

Don’t Light Up
 Smoking accounts for eight out of ten lung cancer deaths and about 30 percent of deaths by all types of cancer. The more cigarettes, cigars, or pipes a person smokes and the longer a person smokes, the greater his or her chance of getting lung cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you still may be at risk
—if you simply breathe
in smoke from nearby smokers. This

Section 40-4
 1. Why do you think most people start smoking?
 2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases their risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do you think they would quit? Explain your answer.
3. Cancer begins when something goes


Section 40-4
40 –4 The Environment and Your Health
A. Air Quality
1. Carbon Monoxide
2. Ozone
3. Airborne Particulates
B. Water Quality
C. Bioterrorism
D. Cancer
1. Causes of Cancer
2. Treating Cancer
E. Maintaining Health
1. Healthful Diet
2. Exercise and Rest
3. Abstaining from Harmful Activities
4. Regular Checkups

Section 40-4
The Study of Cancer includes a knowledge of
Symptoms which may include a
Tumor which are classified as
Viruses
Causes including
Radiation which may consist of
Chemicals
Surgery
Sunlight
Nuclear radiation
Benign Malignant X-rays
Treatments including
Drug therapy
Radiation therapy

Interest Grabber Answers
 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the infectious diseases you have had.
 Infectious diseases include colds, the flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, strep throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, and so on. If students list diseases that are not infectious, explain why these diseases are not infectious diseases.

2. Choose one of the diseases on your list. How did you feel when you were sick

Interest Grabber Answers
 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the vaccines you have received.
 Most students have had vaccines for tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), chickenpox, hepatitis B, meningitis, and so on.
 2. Have you ever received a vaccine before you traveled to a foreign country? If so, which vaccines did you receive?


Possible answers: vaccinations against yellow fever, cholera, and typhoid fever.
Section 2
3. Have you ever been sick with any of the
Answers

Interest Grabber Answers
 1. Does one of you have allergies? If so, how does your body behave when you are exposed to something to which you are allergic? If neither of you has allergies, describe the behavior of someone you know who has allergies.
 Possible answers: sneezing; watery, itchy eyes; stuffy nose.
 2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold?
Section 3


Interest Grabber Answers
 1. Why do you think most people start smoking?
 Because their friends smoke or they think it makes them look older.
 2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases their risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do you think they would quit? Explain your answer.


The most abundant of the white blood cells are the lymphocytes (specific immunity).
These include
•
B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells)
•
These provide Humoral immunity.
B cells are not only produced in the b one marrow but also mature there.
T lymphocytes (likewise called T cells)

However, the precursors of T cells leave the bone marrow and mature in the t hymus .
T cells provide Cell mediated immunity.

The bone marrow produces all the blood cells; the red blood cells , white blood cells (also called leukocytes ), and platelets .
The most abundant of the white blood cells are the lymphocytes (specific immunity).
Phagocytes (Macrophages) provide nonspecific immunity.

Do Now:
Using your own words explain the graph below.

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus
(H.I.V.)

Rules: OUTBREAK
• If you are infected you take the exam tomorrow
• You can DENIGH/REJECT any person.
Procedure:
1. Exchange fluid with 3 people.
2. Write their names down on the index card in the order in which you came in contact.
3. Draw a line.
4. Below the line choose a life style letter you see your self living in college
5. Exchange the appropriate Number of times,,, again writing down their names.

OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.
Letter Roles Contacts
A Abstinent student 0
B Cautious Librarian 2
C
D
E
F g
Faithfully Married Adult
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
1
3
6
6
8

OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.
Letter Roles Contacts
A Abstinent student 0
B Cautious 2
C
D
E
F g
Faithfully Married Adult
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
1
3
6
6
8

OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.
Letter Roles Contacts
A Abstinent student 0
B Cautious 2
C
D
E
F g
Faithfully Married Adult
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
1
3
6
6
8

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus
(H.I.V.)
http://www.msnbc.com/news/876504.asp

Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
*late stage of HIV
** a syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs of a disease that indicate a certain disorder
*** When a persons CD4 cell count drops below 200 (1000 normal)
****communicable through fluid contact: sexual intercourse, IV drugs, Blood transfusions

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus (H.I.V.)

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus
(H.I.V.)

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus
(H.I.V.)
Typical virus shape
People that test positive for
H.I.V. have antibodies for the virus in their plasma.
This virus shuts down a person’s immune system and eventually leads to A.I.D.S.
(Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome)

H uman I mmuno-Deficiency V irus
(H.I.V.)
Feb. 24 — The human test of a potential AIDS vaccine yielded disappointing results, but there could be bit of good news to come out of the effort. NBC’s Robert Bazell reports.
javascript:m_OpenMPV3('V','nn_bazell_aidsvaccine_030224','0','0','','');

Aids in Africa
34.3 million people in the world have AIDS
-- 24.5 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
Nearly 19 million have died from AIDS,
***3.8 million of them children under the age of 15.
Among the other statistics:
•
10,500 new cases are diagnosed each day
• 5.4 million new AIDS infections in 1999, 4 million of them in
Africa.
• 2.8 million dead of AIDS in 1999, 85 percent of them in Africa.
•
13.2 million children orphaned by AIDS, 12.1 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Reduced life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa from 59 years to
45 between 2005 and 2010, and in Zimbabwe from 61 to 33.
•
More than 500,000 babies infected in 1999 by their mothers -most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Do Now 3/5

Anemia:
Sickle Cell Anemia:
Leukemia:
Shock:

 In the early 20th century, an Austrian scientist named Karl Landsteiner classified blood according to two different proteins.
 Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present on the surface of the red blood cells.
 He labeled one molecule "A" and the other molecule "B."

B
AB
O
Blood type
Diagram Antigens present
A
Antibodies produced
Serum effect
Agglutination?
Can
Receive
So what is the Rh Factor???

Percentage of each ABO Blood Type by Country
Country U.S. G.B. Germany Japan China
ABO Type % % %
O 46 47 41
%
30
%
35
A
B
AB
40
10
4
42
8
3
45
10
4
38
22
10
27
26
12

Add a drop of anti-A antibodies (left) to blood drop A
Add drop of anti-B antibodies (right) to blood drop B http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm#determine

See If Drop A and Drop B Are Clumped By Antibodies
Phenotype Percentages Based On U.S. Population
Type O (45%): No clumping in blood drops A or B

Type A (42%): Clumping in blood drop A with anti-A antibodies

Type B (10%): Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies

Type B+

Type AB (3%): Clumping in both blood drops A and B

Type AB-

When red cells carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies , they agglutinate; that is, clump together.
Human red blood cells before (left) and after (right) adding serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells.

Simplified Explanation For Rh Blood Factor
Rh Neg
Blood
Add a drop of anti-Rh antibodies (anti-D serum) to a drop of blood on a slide labeled Rh. The Rh negative blood (shown above) will not clump, while the Rh positive blood (below) will show clumping:
Rh Pos
Blood

Trauma, bacteria and dirt signal to white cells in nearby vessels there is damage to control. Neutrophils, the most active and phagocytic of the white blood cells, become sticky and begin to adhere to the inside of the vessel wall. Adherence slows the cells down, making them "roll" on the inside of the vessel. The neutrophils then become superadherent and squeeze out between endothelial cells that line the vessel, a phenomenon called "diapedesis".
From there, the white cells must FIND, EAT, and KILL foreign microbes.

Slide 22: Blood Smear
Medium Lymphocyte (yellow)
Neutrophils (green)
Bar = 50 Microns
Slide 23: Blood Smear
Myeloblast to Promyelocyte transition (yellow)
Promyelocytes (blue)
Band (red)
Segmented Neutrophil (green)
Plasma Cells (black)
Notice the prominent granules in the promyelocyte.
Bar = 30 Micron

http://www.thequalityhospital.com/cgi-win/mercyweb.exe/heart_animation.htm
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/ http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Circulation.html
http://www.biotie.com/flash/blood_clotting/bc.html
blood clotting