Definitions • Gene – sequence of DNA that is expressed as a protein (exon) • Genes are coded – DNA →RNA→Protein→Trait • Transcription – rewritting DNA into RNA which is needed for a gene to be expressed as a protein • Operon – a sequence of DNA that will turn transcription on and off Parts of an Operon • Regulatory gene – Repressor • Promoter Operator Structural Genes Parts of an Operon • Promoter – site where RNA polymerase attaches to begin transcription • Operator – on/off switch – Repressor will attach turning off transcription – If repressor doesn’t fit into operator, RNA polymerase can transcribe structural genes – Transcription occurs Operator/Repressor • Lock n’ Key arrangement Inducible Operon • Transcription is normally off • Repressor is active – Fits into operator turning off transcription • Inducer – Molecule from the environment – Attaches to the repressor – Changes the shape of the repressor making it inactive. • Inducible Operon – Repressor is active • RNA polymerase can not attach to promoter • No proteins are translated (synthesized) • Inducer needs to be present to start transcription • i.e. inducer is lactose Transcription is on • The end proteins produced are enzymes • i.e. lactase • Operon is off – Repressor is active – Transcription does not occur • Operon is on – Inactive repressor – Proteins (enzymes) are made Regulatory Gene makes an active repressor Inducible Animation Lac Operon • Transcription is normally off • Repressor is active (fits into operator) • Need an outside molecule from environment to inactivate repressor • Inducer has the role of inactivating repressor • Proteins produced through transcription are enzymes. • Enzymes break down inducer. • Inducer is absent which makes repressor active again. Repressible Operon • Transcription is normally on • Repressor is inactive – Repressor does not fit into the operator • CoRepressor is needed to stop transcription – COREPRESSOR is the end protein produced by transcription – Structural protein used by the cell End product = corepressor Tryptophan is the corepressor Repressible Operon Animation Trpytophan Operon • Inactive repressor • The build up of the end product turns off transcription • Usually makes structural proteins – Proteins needed for cell function • When structural proteins are used up by the cell; the corepressor is absent • Transcription will turn on again.