Bacterial Classification 2014

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Bacterial ClassificationA.Need for a
classification system
B. Practicality versus
Taxonomy
• Why is it important to be able to identify bacteria?
• What problems might you face in trying to identify
bacteria?
• What strategies might you use to identify bacteria?
Medically Important Bacteria
3
Bacterial Taxonomy• Inherent Challenges
• 5 kingdoms versus 3 Domains
Fig. 1.14
Universal phylogenetic tree
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Bacteria
Heliobacterium
Archaea
Zea (corn)
Eukarya
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The History and Evolution of Bergey’s
Manual
1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
(1923-1994)
• 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly
phenetic
2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology:
• 1s t edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix
Phylogenetic/Phenetic-5 Kingdoms
• 2nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3
Domains
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Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
First edition-1923 (one volume)
Seventh edition-1957 (one volume)
8th edition-1975 (one volume)
9th edition-1994 (one volume)
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Bergey’s Manual of Systematic BacteriologyFirst edition -Published in 4 volumes:
Volume 1 (1984) -Gram-negative Bacteria of general,
medical, or industrial importance
Volume 2 (1986) -Gram-positive Bacteria other than
Actinomycetes
Volume 3 (1989) -Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria,
and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria
Volume 4 (1989) -Actinomycetes
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Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Second Edition-published in 5 volumes:
Vol 1-(2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching
and phototrophic Bacteria
Vol 2-(2005)-The Proteobacteria
Vol 3-(2009)- The Firmicutes
Vol 4-(2011)- The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes,
Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria,
Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi,
Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia,
Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes
Vol 5-(2012)- The Actinobacteria
Bergey’s Overview Volume 1Domain Archae
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Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes
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Constitute third Domain Archaea
More closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria
Contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA
Have unique membrane lipids and cell walls
15
Extreme halophiles
Hot springs, home of thermophiles
Bergey’s Overview Volume 1 Domain
Bacteria
18
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
– Gram-negative cell walls
– Extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic
chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions
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20 microns
(a)
(a2)
(a3)
Stromatolite
10 mm
(b)
(c)
Thylakoid
membranes
(d)
19
Green Sulfur Bacteria
• Photosynthetic
• Contain
photosynthetic
pigment
bacteriochlorophyll
• Do not give off
oxygen as a product
of photosynthesis
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Bergey’s Overview Volume 2
21
Plague bacteria
bubos
Volume 2-Domain Bacteria-Rickettsia
• Obligate intracellular
parasites
– Rickettsias
• Very tiny, gram-negative
bacteria
• Most are pathogens
Nucleus
• Obligate intracellular
pathogens
• Cannot survive or multiply
outside of a host cell
• Rickettsia rickettisii –
Rocky Mountain spotted
fever
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Rickettsial cells
Baca and Paretsky, Microbiological Reviews, 47(20);133, fig. 16, June 1983 © ASM
Vacuole
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Rickettsia life cycle
Bergey’s Overview Volume 3
26
Clostridial
myonecrosis
(gas gangrene)
Pleomorphic
Mycoplasms
500 nm
Genus Bacillus
Genus
Staphylococcus
Staph
infections
Strep throat
Strep infection
complications
Necrotizing
fasciatus
Bergey’s Overview Volume 4
35
Tuberculosis
TB test
leprosy
leprosy
Bergey’s Overview Volume 5
40
Fig. 21.23.a
Chalymi
dial eye
infection
Syphilis
bacterium
Syphilis
shankars
Secondary
syphilis
Tertiary
syphilis
Taxonomy-What do I need to know for the Exam?
1. Bergeys Systematic Ed 1-Name of 4 Divisions in
Kingdom Monera (and criterion for those Divisions)
2. Bergeys Systematic 2nd Ed.
A. Names of the 5 volumes and Domains included.
B. Number of phyla and classes in each of the volumes
C. For representative organisms discussed: name of the
organism.Volume, Phylum and class/genus (if
applicable)
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