Bacterial ClassificationA.Need for a classification system B. Practicality versus Taxonomy • Why is it important to be able to identify bacteria? • What problems might you face in trying to identify bacteria? • What strategies might you use to identify bacteria? Medically Important Bacteria 3 Bacterial Taxonomy• Inherent Challenges • 5 kingdoms versus 3 Domains Fig. 1.14 Universal phylogenetic tree Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacteria Heliobacterium Archaea Zea (corn) Eukarya 6 The History and Evolution of Bergey’s Manual 1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923-1994) • 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic 2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: • 1s t edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix Phylogenetic/Phenetic-5 Kingdoms • 2nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3 Domains • • • • Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9th edition-1994 (one volume) • • • • • Bergey’s Manual of Systematic BacteriologyFirst edition -Published in 4 volumes: Volume 1 (1984) -Gram-negative Bacteria of general, medical, or industrial importance Volume 2 (1986) -Gram-positive Bacteria other than Actinomycetes Volume 3 (1989) -Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria Volume 4 (1989) -Actinomycetes • • • • • • Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition-published in 5 volumes: Vol 1-(2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria Vol 2-(2005)-The Proteobacteria Vol 3-(2009)- The Firmicutes Vol 4-(2011)- The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes Vol 5-(2012)- The Actinobacteria Bergey’s Overview Volume 1Domain Archae 14 Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes • • • • Constitute third Domain Archaea More closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria Contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA Have unique membrane lipids and cell walls 15 Extreme halophiles Hot springs, home of thermophiles Bergey’s Overview Volume 1 Domain Bacteria 18 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – Gram-negative cell walls – Extensive thylakoids with photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments and gas inclusions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20 microns (a) (a2) (a3) Stromatolite 10 mm (b) (c) Thylakoid membranes (d) 19 Green Sulfur Bacteria • Photosynthetic • Contain photosynthetic pigment bacteriochlorophyll • Do not give off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis 20 Bergey’s Overview Volume 2 21 Plague bacteria bubos Volume 2-Domain Bacteria-Rickettsia • Obligate intracellular parasites – Rickettsias • Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria • Most are pathogens Nucleus • Obligate intracellular pathogens • Cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell • Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rickettsial cells Baca and Paretsky, Microbiological Reviews, 47(20);133, fig. 16, June 1983 © ASM Vacuole 24 Rickettsia life cycle Bergey’s Overview Volume 3 26 Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) Pleomorphic Mycoplasms 500 nm Genus Bacillus Genus Staphylococcus Staph infections Strep throat Strep infection complications Necrotizing fasciatus Bergey’s Overview Volume 4 35 Tuberculosis TB test leprosy leprosy Bergey’s Overview Volume 5 40 Fig. 21.23.a Chalymi dial eye infection Syphilis bacterium Syphilis shankars Secondary syphilis Tertiary syphilis Taxonomy-What do I need to know for the Exam? 1. Bergeys Systematic Ed 1-Name of 4 Divisions in Kingdom Monera (and criterion for those Divisions) 2. Bergeys Systematic 2nd Ed. A. Names of the 5 volumes and Domains included. B. Number of phyla and classes in each of the volumes C. For representative organisms discussed: name of the organism.Volume, Phylum and class/genus (if applicable)