REVOLUTION
IN
TREATMENT OF
CANCER
BY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
POSTER PRESENTED BY :MAYANK RATHORE
SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
JIWAJI UNIVERSITY
GWALIOR (M .P.)
mayank_rathore2003@yahoo.co.in
Poster awarded 2nd prize by Department of Biotechnology and
MPCST Cell of Jiwaji University (Govt. of India)
Venue :- Department of Neurosciences
Jiwaji University Gwalior
Held on 28th February on occasion of
“World Science Day”
Having a theme “Emerging Horizon of Sciences”.
Nano technology
• In ancient Greek ‘Nano’ means dwarf.
• Nano technology is the creation of useful
materials, devices and systems through the
manipulation of mini scale matter (including
anything with at least one dimension less
than 100 nanometers).
• The emerging field of nano technology
involves scientists from many different
disciplines, including physicists, chemists,
engineers and biologists R. P. Feynman, a
physicist, initially used the Nanoscale.
• Tiny man-made nanoparticles have been used to
successfully smuggle a powerful cancer drug into
tumor cells leaving healthy cells unharmed.
• When tested in mice, the Nan structure-based
therapy was 10 times as effective at delaying
tumor growth and far less toxic than the drug
given alone.
• Researchers believe the therapy could transform
many cancers from killer into chronic, treatable
diseases.
• The major goals in designing nanoparticles as a
delivery system are to control particle size,
surface properties and release of
pharmacologically active agents in order to
achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the
therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen.
• The purpose of the chemotherapy and
radiation is to kill the tumor cells as these
cells are more susceptible to the actions of
these drugs and methods because of their
growth at a much faster rate than healthy
cells, at least in adults.
• Research efforts to improve chemotherapy
over the past 25 years have led to an
improvement in patient survival but there is
still a need for improvement.
• Current research areas include development of carriers
to allow alternative dosing routes, new therapeutic
targets such as blood vessels fueling tumor growth and
targeted therapeutics that are more specific in their
activity. Several nano biotechnologies mostly based on
nanoparticles, have been used to facilitate drug delivery
in cancer.
• The magic of nanoparticles mesmerizes everyone
because of their multifunctional character and they have
given us hope for the recovery from this disease.
• Although we are practicing better drug delivery paths into
the body, we ultimately seek more accurate protocols to
eradicate cancer from our society. This review will
primarily address new methods for delivering drugs, both
old and new, with a focus on nano particle formulations
and ones that specifically target tumors.
Core features of cancer cells:•
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Abnormal growth control
Improved cell survival
Abnormal differentiation
Unlimited replicated potential
Host tumor symbiosis
The Vision for Nano particles in the Treatment
of Cancer
• Nano technology is the creation and utilization of
materials, devices, and systems through the
control of matter on the nanometer-length scale,
i.e. at the level of atoms, molecules, and
supramolecular structures.
• These technologies have been applied to
improve drug delivery and to overcome some of
the problems of drug delivery for cancer
treatment. Several nanobiotechnologies mostly
based on Nanoparticles, have been used to
facilitate drug delivery in cancer.
• The magic of Nan particles mesmerizes
everyone because of their multifunctional
character and they have given us hope for the
recovery from this disease.
• Although we are practicing better drug delivery
paths into the body, we ultimately seek more
accurate protocols to eradicate cancer from our
society. This review focuses on progress in
treatment of cancer through delivery of
anticancer agents via Nanoparticles. In addition,
it pays attention to development of different
types of Nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery.
Drug therapy of cancer treatment:• Transport of an anticancer drug in interestium
(target cell) will be governed by physiological
(i.e. pressure) and physiochemical (i.e.
composition ,structure & charge) property of
target cell.
• Also by physiochemical properties of molecules
(size, configuration, charge and hydrophobicity)
itself.
Thus to deliver therapeutic agent to tumour cell in
–vivo one must overcome the following
problems:• Drug resistance at the tumor level due to physiochemical
barrier (non cellular based mechanism).
• Drug resistance at the cellular level (cellular
mechanism).
• Distribution, biotransformation & clearance of anticancer
drugs in the body.
• A strategy could be associate antitumor drug with
colloidal nanoparticles,with the aim to overcome
noncellular and cellular based mechanism of resistance
• & to increase the selectivity of drugs toward cancer cells
while reducing their toxicity toward normal cells.
Drug delivery strategies used to fight
cancers:Direct introduction of anticancer drugs into tumour
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Injection directly into the tumour.
Tumour necrosis therapy.
Injection into the arterial blood supply of cancer.
Local injection into tumour for radio potentiation.
Localized delivery of anticancer drugs by electro-chemotherapy.
Local delivery by anticancer drug implants.
Routes of drug delivery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Intraperitoneal
Intrathecal
Nasal
Pulmonary inhalation
Subcutaneous injection or implant
Transdermal drug delivery
Vascular route intravenous ,intra-arterial.
Systemic delivery targeted to tumour
1. Heat-activated targeted drug delivery .
2. Tissue-selective drug delivery for cancer using carriermediated transport systems .
3. Tumour-activated prodrug therapy for targeted delivery
of chemotherapy .
4. Pressure-induced filtration of drug across vessels to
tumour .
5. Promoting selective permeation of the anticancer agent
into the tumour .
6. Two-step targeting using bispecific antibody .
7. Site-specific delivery and light-activation of anticancer
proteins .
Drug delivery targeted to blood
vessels of tumors
1. Antiangiogenesis therapy .
2. Angiolytic therapy .
3. Drugs to induce clotting in blood vessels of
tumour .
4. Vascular targeting agents .
Special formulations and
carriers of anticancer drugs
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Albumin based drug carriers
Carbohydrate-enhanced chemotherapy
Delivery of proteins and peptides for cancer therapy
Fatty acids as targeting vectors linked to active drugs
Microspheres
Monoclonal antibodies
Nanoparticles
Pegylated liposome’s (enclosed in a polyethylene glycol
bilayer)
• Polyethylene glycol (PEG) technology
• Single-chain antigen-binding technology
Transmembrane drug delivery to
intracellular targets
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Cytoporter
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Transduction of proteins and Peptides
Vitamins as carriers for anticancer agents
Biological Therapies
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Antisense therapy
Cell therapy
Gene therapy
Genetically modified bacteria
Oncolytic viruses
RNA interference
Pathways For Nanoparticles In
Cancer Drug Delivery:
•
Nanotechnology has tremendous potential to make an
important contribution in cancer prevention, detection,
diagnosis, imaging and treatment.
•
It can target a tumor, carry imaging capability to
document the presence of tumor, sense
pathophysiological defects in tumor cells, deliver
therapeutic genes or drugs based on tumor
characteristics, respond to external triggers to release
the agent and document the tumor response and
identify residual tumor cells.
•
•
Nanoparticles are important because of
their nanoscaled structure but
nanoparticles in cancer are still bigger
than many anticancer drugs.
Their “large” size can make it difficult for
them to evade organs such as the liver,
spleen, and lungs, which are constantly
clearing foreign materials from the body.
In addition, they must be able to take
advantage of subtle differences in cells
to distinguish between normal and
cancerous tissues.
• Indeed, it is only recently that researchers have
begun to successfully engineer nanoparticles
that can effectively evade the immune system
and actively target tumors. Active tumor
targeting of nanoparticles involves attaching
molecules, known collectively as ligands to the
outsides of nanoparticles.
• These ligands are special in that they can
recognize and bind to complementary
molecules, or receptors, found on the surface of
tumor cells. When such targeting molecules are
added to a drug delivery nanoparticle, more of
the anticancer drug finds and enters the tumor
cell, increasing the efficacy of the treatment and
reducing toxic effects on surrounding normal
tissues.
Development And Commercialization Of
Nanomaterials:
•
Drug delivery techniques were established to deliver or control the amount,
rate and, sometimes location of a drug in the body to optimize its therapeutic
effect, convenience and dose. Combining a well established drug formulation
with a new delivery system is a relatively low risk activity and can be used to
enhance a company’s product portfolio by extending the drug’s commercial
life-cycle.
•
Most companies are developing pharmaceutical applications, mainly for
drug delivery. Most major and established pharmaceutical companies have
internal research programs on drug delivery that are on formulations or
dispersions containing components down to nano sizes.
• With the total global investment in nanotechnologies currently at € 5
billion, the global market is estimated to reach over € 1 trillion by
2011-2015. Nano and Micro technologies are part of the latest
advanced solutions and new paradigm for decreasing the discovery
and development time for new drugs and potentially reducing the
development costs.
Tools Of Nanotechnology:
Some of the tools of nanotechnology having applications in cancer
treatment are the following:
1.
Cantilevers
2.
Nanopores
3.
Nanotubes
4.
Quantum dotes
5.
Nanoshells
6.
Dendrimers
7.
Nanoboms
8.
Nanowires
9.
Nanoparticles
10. Gold nano-shells
1.Cantilevers
• Tiny bars anchored at one end can be
engineered to bind to molecules associated with
cancer. These molecules may bind to altered
DNA proteins that are present in certain types of
cancer monitoring the bending of cantilevers; it
would be possible to tell whether the cancer
molecules are present and hence detect early
molecular events in the development of.
2.Nanopores
• Nanopores (holes) allow DNA to pass through
one strand at a time and hence DNA sequencing
can be made more efficient. Thus the shape and
electrical properties of each base on the strand
can be monitored. As these properties are
unique for each of the four bases that make up
the genetic code, the passage of DNA through a
nano pore can be used to decipher the encoded
information, including errors in the code known
to be associated with cancer.
3.Nanotubes
• Nanotubes are smaller than Nanopores. Nanotubes &
carbon rods, about half the diameter of a molecule of
DNA, will also help identify DNA changes associated
with. It helps to exactly pin point location of the changes.
Mutated regions associated with cancer are first tagged
with bulky molecules. Using a nano tube tip, resembling
the needle on a record player, the physical shape of the
DNA can be traced. A computer translates this
information into topographical map. The bulky molecules
identify the regions on the map where mutations are
present. Since the location of mutations can influence
the effects they have on a cell, these techniques will be
important in predicting disease.
4.Quantum Dotes (QD)
• These are tiny crystals that glow when these are
stimulated by ultraviolet light. The latex beads
filled with these crystals when stimulated by
light, the colors they emit act as dyes that light
up the sequence of interest. By combining
different sized quantum dotes within a single
bead, probes can be created that release a
distinct spectrum of various colors and
intensities of lights, serving as sort of spectral
bar code.
5.Nanoshells (NS)
• These are another recent invention. NS are miniscule
beads coated with gold.
• By manipulating the thickness of the layers making up
the NS, the beads can be designed that absorb specific
wavelength of light.
• The most useful nanoshells are those that absorb near
infrared light that can easily penetrate several
centimeters in human tissues.
• Absorption of light by nanoshells creates an intense heat
that is lethal to cells. Nanoshells can be linked to
antibodies that recognize cancer cells. In laboratory
cultures, the heat generated by the light-absorbing
nanoshells has successfully killed tumor cells while
leaving neighboring cells intact .
6.Dendrimer
• A number of nanoparticles that will facilitate drug delivery are being
developed. One such molecule that has potential to link treatment
with detection and diagnostic is known as dendrimer.
• These have branching shape which gives them vast amounts of
surface area to which therapeutic agents or other biologically active
molecules can be attached. A single dendrimer can carry a molecule
that recognizes cancer cells, a therapeutic agent to kill those cells
and a molecule that recognizes the signals of cell death.
• It is hoped that dendrimers can be manipulated to release their
contents only in the presence of certain trigger molecules associated
with cancer. Following drug releases, the dendrimers may also
report back whether they are successfully killing their targets.
• The technologies mentioned above are in the various stages of
discovery and development. Some of the technologies like quantum
dots, nano pores and other devices may be available for detection
and diagnosis and for clinical use within next ten years.
7.Nanoparticles
•Nanoscale devices have the potential to radically change cancer therapy for the
better and to dramatically increase the number of highly effective therapeutic
agents.
•In this example, nanoparticles are targeted to cancer cells for use in the
molecular imaging of a malignant lesion. Large numbers of nanoparticles are
safely injected into the body and preferentially bind to the cancer cell, defining
the anatomical contour of the lesion and making it visible.
•These nanoparticles give us the ability to see cells and molecules that we
otherwise cannot detect through conventional imaging. The ability to pick up
what happens in the cell , to monitor therapeutic intervention and to see when
a cancer cell is mortally wounded or is actually activated , is critical to the
successful diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
•Nanoparticulate technology can prove to be very useful in cancer therapy which
is effective and targeted drug delivery by overcoming the many biological,
biophysical and biomedical barriers that the body stages against a standard inte
rvention such as the administration of drugs or contrast agents.
8.Gold nanoshells
• Here use of Nanoparticle based electrochemical detector is done.
• Principle: A standard glass electrode is first coated with chitosan
, a complex sugar obtained from crab and shrimp shells, and
then with gold nanoparticles. The bold nanoparticles provide a
electrically conductive surface upon which cancer cells can stick
without damaging the cells. The cancer cells can be taken from
the patient and suspended in a suitable growth solution.
• After cells are allowed to bind to the electrode, two monoclonal
antibodies are added to the assay solution. The first antibody
binds to glycoprotein, which the second cause an electrochemical
reaction to occur only if the first antibody has bound to any
glycoprotein. The electrochemical reaction triggers an of cells
with glycoprotein present on their surfaces.
9.Nanobombs
• the nanobomb holds great promise as a therapeutic agent for killing
cancer cells, with particular emphasis on breast cancer cells,
because its shockwave kills the cancerous cells as well as the
biological pathways that carry instructions to generate additional
cancerous cells and the small veins that nourish the diseased cells.
Also, it can be spread over a wide area to create structural damage
to the cancer cells that are close by.
• The nanobombs are superior to a variety of current treatments
because they are powerful, selective, non-invasive, nontoxic and
can incorporate current technology, including microsurgery.
• An advantage over other carbon nanotube treatments being
considered by scientists is that with nanobombs, the carbon
nanotubes are destroyed along with the cancer cells.
Future goals through Nanotechnology in
cancer diagnosis and treatment:• Imaging agents and diagnostics that will allow clinicians to detect
cancer in its earliest stages.
• Systems that will provide real time assessments of therapeutic
and surgical efficacy for accelerating clinical translation.
• Multifunctional targeted devices capable of bypassing biological
barriers to deliver multiple therapeutic agents directly to cancer
cells and those tissues in the microenvironment that play a
critical role in the growth and metastasis of cancer.
• Agents that can monitor predictive molecular changes and
prevent precancerous cells from becoming malignant.
• Novel method’s to manage the symptoms of cancer that
adversely impact quality of life.
• Research tools that will enable rapid identification of new
targets for clinical development and predict drug resistance.
Challenges Of Technology
• Today, much of the science on the nanoscale is basic
research, designed to reach a better understanding of
how matter behaves on this small scale.
• The surface area of nano-materials being large, the
phenomena like friction and sticking are more important
than they are in large systems. These factors will affect
the use of nanomaterials both inside and outside the
body.
• Nanostructures being so small; the body may clear them
too rapidly to be effective in detection or imaging. Larger
nanoparticles may accumulate in vital organs, creating a
toxicity problem.
Conclusion
• Nanotechnology has made the diagnosis and treat
ment of cancer easy,
safe, and efficient. Scienti
st believe that with nanotechnology it would be p
ossible to turn cancer (life threatening disease)
into a chronic and manageable disease.
• Nanotechnology will radically change the way we
diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the
goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer.
•
Although most of the technologies described are
promising and fit well with the current methods of
treatment, there are still safety concerns associated
with the introduction of nanoparticles in the human
body.
• These will require further studies before
some of the products can be approved. The
most promising methods of drug delivery in
cancer will be those that combine
diagnostics with treatment. These will enable
personalized management of cancer and
provide an integrated protocol for diagnosis
and follow up that is so important in
management of cancer patients. There are
still many advances needed to improve
nanoparticles for treatment of cancers.
• Future efforts will focus on identifying
the mechanism and location of action
for the vector and determining the
general applicability of the vector to
treat all stages of tumors in preclinical
models. Further studies are focused on
expanding the selection of drugs to
deliver novel nanoparticle vectors.
Hopefully, this will allow the
development of innovative new
strategies for cancer cures.