MICROBIOLOGY
Nur Hidayat
http://nurhidayat.lecture.ub.ac.id
Microbiology
The branch of biology concerned
with the study of microorganisms
and their activities
Microorganisms can be:
unicellular
multicellular
acellular
– viruses
– viroids
– prions-proteinaceous infectious
particle
Occurrence of Microorganisms
air we breathe
food we eat
on the human body
– Only 1 in 10 cells of the body is human, the
rest are microbial
– A square centimeter of skin holds about
100,000 microbes
– Humans are free of microbes until they pass
through the birth canal
environments
– extreme
Activities of microorganisms
Destructive
– Disease-EIDs (emerging infectious
diseases)
– Food spoilage
– Eutrophication
Beneficial Activities
– Foods - SCP (single cell protein)
– C, N, S, P cycles
– Decomposition
– Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA
technology)
– Bioremediation
Bioremediation - use of microbes to remove an
environmental pollutant
Eutrophication - the nutrient
enrichment of large aquatic habitats caused
directly or indirectly by human activities
Haeckel’s 3 Kingdoms
Plant
Animal
Protista
Eucaryotes vs Procaryotes
Eucaryotes
True nucleus
– nuclear membrane
– more than 1 chromosome
– chromosome replicated by mitosis
– membrane-bound organelles
ex. algae, fungi, protozoa, plants,
animals
Eucaryotic Cell
Procaryotes
Nuclear area (nucleoid)
– no nuclear membrane
– 1 chromosome
– no mitosis
– ribosomes are the only membranebound organelles
ex. bacteria (rickettsia, blue-green
algae), archaea
Procaryotic Cell
Major Groups of
Microorganisms
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria
Archaea
Viruses
Description of Each
Eucaryotes or procaryotes?
Unicellular, multicellular or
acellular?
Importance
Field of study
Algae
Eucaryotes
Unicellular & Multicellular
Producers
Phycology
Unicellular Alga
Multicellular Alga
Kelp
Fungi
Eucaryotes
Multicellular except yeasts
Decomposers
Mycology
Multicellular Fungi
Amanita muscaria
Unicellular Fungi
Protozoa
Eucaryotes
Unicellular
Free-living or parasitic
Protozoology and Parasitology
– protozoology - study of protozoa
– parasitology - study of pathogenic protozoa &
multicellular parasites (worms)
Protozoa classified by means of
motility
Amoeba - pseudopods
ex. Entamoeba histolytica - amebic
dysentery
Flagellates - flagella
ex. Giardia lamblia - giardiasis
Ciliates - cilia
ex. Paramecium
Sporozoa - nonmotile
ex. Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis
ex. Plasmodium - malaria
Amoebas
Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
Amebic dysentery
Flagellate
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Ciliate
Balantidium coli
Sporozoa
At least one million deaths per year worldwide
http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/impact/index.htm
Sporozoa
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis
http://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/epi.html
Bacteria
Procaryotes
Unicellular
Photosynthesis,
decomposition, parasites,
biogeochemical cycles
Bacteriology
Gram Positive
Staphylococcus
Gram Negative
Escherichia coli
Archaea
Procaryotes
Unicellular
Lack typical bacterial cell wall
Live in extreme environments
– methanogens - produce methane
– extreme thermophiles
– extreme halophiles
Importance - geochemical cycles
Bacteriology
Rickettsia
Procaryotes
Unicellular
Obligate intracellular parasites
Transmitted by insects & ticks
ex. Rickettsia rickettsii - Rocky Mtn.
Spotted fever
Bacteriology
Viruses
Composed of nucleic acid +
protein coat
Obligate intracellular parasites
Latency
Virology
Adenovirus
Bacteriophage
Immunology
The study of the resistance of the living body to
disease producing organisms and the reactions of
living tissues to foreign substances
•Resistance to disease
•Vaccines
•Allergies
•Transplantation