Before starting
• Copy this PowerPoint presentation to
your student area on the network. Do this
by going to My Computer on the start up screen. Save
a second copy to the folder 7A Mr Kennedy 2012.
• At the end of class, save the completed PowerPoint to
both file – yours and Mr. Kennedy’s.
• Make sure you save as
NAM0001Surname Microscope History
• Follow the instructions on the next slide
A short history of cells
The following table lists some of the important dates in the study of cells.
Year Event
1590
Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope.
1665
Robert Hooke saw cells in cork. He first used the name ‘cells’.
1675
Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria in tooth plaque.
1838
Matthias Schleiden stated that ‘all plants are made of cells’.
1839
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden proposed the cell theory.
1858
Rudolf Virchow found that cells are able to reproduce.
1860
Ernst Abbe invented the first modern microscope.
1865
Louis Pasteur found that bacteria cause disease.
1931
Knoll and Ruska made the first electron microscope.
1942
Viruses were first seen under an electron microscope.
1973
The first successful genetic engineering experiment was performed.
1978
The first baby was born through in-vitro fertilisation (IVF).
1980 to present
Further advances were made in genetic engineering and IVF.
Instructions
1. Make a slide for each date
2. Copy the information given above then find out more about some of the events or people listed on that date.
3. Add relevant pictures, drawings or newspaper clippings to your slides
You should have a pictures or drawing of
*Early microscopes
*An electron microscope
*Robert Hooke
*Anton van Leeuwenhoek
*Louis Pasteur
*Cells: both plant and animal
*Bacteria and Viruses
Hans and Zacharias janssen 1590
Hans and Zacharias Janssen (c. 1580 –c.
1638) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from
Middleburg credited with inventing the
first microscope.
1665
• In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a
sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some
"pores" or "cells" in it. Robert Hooke believed the cells had
served as containers for the "noble juices" or "fibrous
threads" of the once-living cork tree. He thought these cells
existed only in plants, since he and his scientific
contemporaries had observed the structures only in plant
material.
1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria in tooth
plaque.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland, on
October 24th 1632. His father was a basket maker and his
mother came from a family of brewers. His formal education
appears to have lasted a short time, as he is listed as having
only attended a school in Warmond. At the age of 16, Anton
moved away from Delft to serve an apprenticeship as a linen
draper. He came back to Delft in 1654 and established his
own drapery business. As part of his work in this business,
Leeuwenhoek used a lens to examine cloth for quality. This
lens magnified things around three times. He also used the
lens to look at objects in nature, such as insects and finger
prints.
1838 Matthias Schleiden stated that ‘all plants are
made of cells’.
•
Born in Hamburg, Schleiden was educated at Heidelberg, then
practiced law in Hamburg, but soon developed his love for the
botany into a full-time pursuit. Schleiden preferred to study plant
structure under the microscope. He in 1838, studied plant tissues
and stated that all plants are aggregates of individual cells which are
fully independent. Thus he made the first statement of cell theory.
While a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote
Contributions to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the
different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus,
Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then
an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to
the atomic theory of chemistry. He also recognized the importance
of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist
Robert Brown,[1] and sensed its connection with cell division.
1858
•
Rudolf Virchow found that cells are
able to reproduce
Many historians of science consider Rudolf Virchow the greatest of
all pathologists. Virchow was best known as the leading pioneer in
the field of cellular pathology. In medieval physiology it was thought
that prominent bodily fluids, including blood, phlegm, choler, and
bile determined the character and health of a person, and during the
nineteenth century many scientists still relied on these humoral
theories to explain diseases. Virchow's cell theory, the essence of
which is brilliantly encapsulated in the axiom Omnis cellula e cellula,
stating that every cell arises from a previously existing cell, virtually
dismantled the humoral theories that had dominated the healing arts
for more than twenty centuries, and laid the groundwork for a more
rational and systematic mode of study.
1860 Ernst Abbe invented the first modern microscope.
•
Abbe was born January 23, 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.[1] He came from a
humble home — his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's
employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general
qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades. By the time he left school,
his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the
family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the
Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861).[1] During his time as a
student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer
continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on March 23, 1861. This
was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at
Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and
chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists
today). On August 8, 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena.
In 1870, he accepted a contract as an extraordinary professor in Jena.[1] In 1871, he
married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's
teachers. He became director of the Jena observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a
member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of
the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University
of Jena in 1891. Abbe died January 14, 1905 in Jena
1865 Louis Pasteur found that bacteria cause disease.