Bacteria, Virus, Galls
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BACTERIAL DISEASE BACTERIA • Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own food • Require 400 to 600X magnification • Flagella to swim BACTERIA PATHOGEN • Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, and Erwinia BACTERIA LIFE CYCLE • Dormant in plant material or soil • Reproduce by mother cell dividing in half – 2 daughter cells BACTERIA • Halo around bacterial leaf spot BACTERIA INFECTION • Do not produce spores (there are exceptions) • Pathogen appears as ooze BACTERIA INFECTION • Enter plant through natural openings or wounds BACTERIA CONTROL • Prevent injuries and introduction • Copper containing fungicides – Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate and lime) – Kocide FIRE BLIGHT HOST: Rose family (pear, apples, quince…) • Bradford pear FIRE BLIGHT SYMPTOMS • "Scorched" branches – Shepherd’s crook FIRE BLIGHT INFECTION • Enter through flowers • "Ooze" at cankers FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL • Resistant cultivars • Pruning and sanitizing Fire Blight Fire Blight Fire Blight Fire Blight Bacterial Leaf Spot • Ivy VIRUS VIRUS • True obligate parasites • Outside living cells act like chemical substances • Cannot be cultured on artificial media • Virions: virus particles, seen only with a electron microscope VIRUS SYMPTOMS • Mosaic / mottling • Loss of vigor • Distorted growth VIRUS INFECTION • Infected for life • Commonly transmitted by insects – Thrips… VIRUS VIRUS INFECTION • Rarely kill plant in short amount of time • Predispose plants VIRUS CONTROL • Avoid transmitting by plant parts • Reduce vectors • Resistance Citrus Greening Disease • Severe damage to citrus industry Citrus Greening Disease • Vectored by Asian citrus psyllid Citrus Greening Disease • Fruit inedible and juice undrinkable CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE SYMPTOMS • Sporadic leaves and flowers • Not stable year to year • Flowers lose color, variegated CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE CONTROL • Avoid contaminated stock • Remove plant, if undesirable Canna Virus • Vein streaking • Weakened plants • Lack of flowering Canna Virus • Aphids suspected vector • No resistant varieties Nonviral Variegation • Genetic mutation is heritable • Some cells stop producing chlorophyll Viral Variegation Firepower Nandina • Propagated in South Carolina • Infected with two viruses – Cucumber mosaic virus – Nandina mosaic virus Hosta Virus Hosta Virus NEMATODES NEMATODES • Unsegmented roundworms • Can be found in every form of plant and animal • Most are considered beneficial NEMATODES SPECIES • Sting, Root knot, Cyst, and others NEMATODES SPECIES • There are beneficial species attacking insects NEMATODES SYMPTOMS • Stunting • Yellowing • Wilting • Stubby roots NEMATODES SYMPTOMS • Only Root Knot and Cyst nematodes cause ID symptoms • ID by lab NEMATODES SYMPTOMS • Cyst nematodes NEMATODES DAMAGE • Severely damage roots NEMATODES DAMAGE • Foliar nematodes NEMATODES CONTROL • Fumigation • Biological controls – Chitin, fungal • Nematicides GALLS GALLS SYMPTOMS • Distortions or swellings • Leaves, flowers, branches, or trunk GALLS Insect-causing • Harbor the eggs and larva • Larval secretions induce abnormal growth – Hyperplasia • Protection and food GALLS Bacteria • Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) • Gall at root crown (often) • Can kill young plants Bacterial Gall on Rosemary • http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ga rdens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-thehome-gardener/advice-tipsresources/pests-andproblems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspx Bacterial Gall on Rosemary • http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ga rdens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-thehome-gardener/advice-tipsresources/pests-andproblems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspx Bacterial Gall on Rosemary • http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ga rdens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-thehome-gardener/advice-tipsresources/pests-andproblems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspx Bacterial Gall on Rosemary • http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ga rdens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-thehome-gardener/advice-tipsresources/pests-andproblems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspx Bacterial Gall on Rosemary • http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ga rdens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-thehome-gardener/advice-tipsresources/pests-andproblems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspx Crown gall • Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) GALLS Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) GALLS CONTROL • Prune out galls • Purchase healthy stock Leaf Gall PATHOGEN: Fungal HOST: Azalea and Sassanqua GALLS SYMPTOMS • Individual leaves thick and fleshy • Early spring GALLS CONTROL • Hand pick • Rarely chemical
