What makes a Eukaryote a Eukaryote?
thought to have developed as in
pocketing of cell membrane-why?
therefore need to be flexible-so?
internal cytoskeleton for:
structure
internal movement
nuclear envelope
digestive vessicles
Types of Movement
• Flagella: long, whip-like, usually one or two (not
more); majority use to pull themselves
• Cilia: short, many, same structure as flagella, just
shorter, more precise
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMys
TA&NR=1
• Pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming
•
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ICqcZ99qGk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cukdrqO8XFE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG6Dd3COug4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp
1.Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath
membrane
1. Dinoflagellates-unicellular, marine,
2 flagella; all trophic styles
2. Apicomplexans-parasites with
elaborate lifestyles; usu. multi
hosts
3. Ciliates-macro & micronuclei; ciliavery precise (Paramecium-p. 598)
1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane
1. Dinoflagellates-unicellular, marine, 2 flagella;
all trophic styles (red tides)
http://www.thinkatheist.com/forum/topics/fantastic-creatures-with?groupUrl=science&commentId=1982180%3AComment%3A196608&groupId=1982180%3AGroup%3A815
1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane
2. Apicomplexans-parasites with elaborate lifestyles;
usu. multi hosts (malaria)
http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/f/f1/Malaria.jpg/250px-Malaria.jpg
1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath membrane
3. Ciliates-macro & micronuclei; cilia-very precise
(Paramecium)
Those placed towards the top left are typically found in the open water of
lakes; those close to the centre at the base are all anaerobic. The remainder
are generally found in sediments and detritus, and attached to submerged
surfaces (e.g. aquatic animals and plants). All are drawn to scale (see scale
bar showing 1 millimetre at the right hand side).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmw
N_mD7TvY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saLY
HUs6cWk&feature=related
1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
1.
2.
3.
Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o; silica
pillboxes; photosynthetic; fresh, marine,
terrestrial (p. 599)
Brown alge-multicellular; most marine;
fucoxanthin = accessory pigment (still have
chlorophyll a & c); organ & tissue
differentiation
Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic; absorptive
heterotrophs; water molds & powdery
mildew (p. 601)
1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
1. Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o; silica pillboxes;
photosynthetic; fresh, marine, terrestrial
http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/protista/protis3.jpg
1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
2. Brown alge-multicellular; most marine; fucoxanthin =
accessory pigment (still have chlorophyll a & c); organ & tissue
differentiation
http://burtonbiology.com/chile/lisapics/mypics/P1010013.JPG
1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
3. Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic; absorptive
heterotrophs; water molds & powdery mildew
http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/1859.280x185.clip.jpeg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Water_mold.JPG/200px-Water_mold.JPG
2. Plantae
A. Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan layer b/w 2
chloroplast membranes
B. Red alge-multicellular; phycoerythrin =
accessory pigment (also have chlorophyll
a)-depends on depth for color; agar (p.
602)
C. Chlorophytes-green alge-chlorophyll a &
b-like plants; most aquatic; mostly fresh;
colonial forms-spherical & filamentous (p.
603)
2. Plantae
A. Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan layer b/w 2 chloroplast
memebranes
http://www.palaeos.org/images/9/9a/Glaucocystis.jpg
2. Plantae
B. Red alge-multicellular; phycoerythrin = accessory pigment
(also have chlorophyll a)-depends on depth for color; agar
http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/additional/science-focus/locus/images/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg
2. Plantae
C. Chlorophytes-green alge-chlorophyll a & b-like plants; most
aquatic; mostly fresh; colonial forms-spherical & filamentous
http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/volvox.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Spirogyra.JPG
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o39D-zxiSmE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Y7k4gOYko
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cor_ek7foVM&feature=related
3. Excavates-diverse!!
A. Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no mitochondria;
Giardia-diarrhea (p. 603)
B. Parabasalids-no mitochondria;
Trichomonas-STD (p. 603)
C. Heteroloboseans-amoeba & flagella
stages
D. Euglenids-flagella; repro asexually-binary
fission; photo/autotrophic-depending on
conditions; 3 membrane chloroplast
E. Kinetoplastids-flagella; parasites
3. Excavates-diverse!!
A. Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no mitochondria; Giardia-diarrhea
http://content3.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/78382_large.jpg
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/1/11/Trichomonas_LifeCycle.gif
3. Excavates-diverse!!
B. Parabasalids-no mitochondria; anaerobic; TrichomonasSTD; symbiotic relationship with termites: allow them to
digest cellulose (in turn have symbiotic bacteria!)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D3wI/Sw5GMB47rTI/AAAAAAAABCg/fIIIiVsj8go/s400/Naegleria%2Blife%2Bcycle&imgrefurl=http://skepticwonder.blogspot.com/2009/11/het erolobosea-ii-change-of-heartamoebo.html&usg=__NTV4AFrnRGLS_I389UEfVD3d3o=&h=398&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=0GfCXxR30aPW7M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheteroloboseans%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1
3. Excavates-diverse!!
C. Heteroloboseans-amoeba & flagella stages (some have
both, some have only one stage, some have two different
types of flagellated stages, some do encystment)
http://tolweb.org/Heterolobosea/96360
3. Excavates-diverse!!
D. Euglenids-flagella; repro asexually-binary fission;
photo/autotrophic-depending on conditions; 3 membrane
chloroplast
http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiZ85y0g3UI
3. Excavates-diverse!!
E. Kinetoplastids-flagella; parasites (Trypanosoma-sleeping
sickness)
http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/FIGcruzi01.jpg
Groups
4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like
pseudopods
A. Cercozoans-very diverse:
amoeboid, flagella; aquatic,
terrestrial
B. Foraminiferans-Calcium
carbonate shells (p. 587)
C. Radiolarians-silica shells; marine
(p. 605)
4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods
A. Cercozoans-very diverse: amoeboid, flagella; aquatic,
terrestrial (a lot of argument here; one group has
chloroplasts: bound by 4 membranes and contains a vestigial
nucleus)
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D3wI/Sn_dZSj5PjI/AAAAAAAAAgE/Zkn54RPAGEY/s400/Ebriid+Hoppenrath+Leander+2006+Protist.jpg
4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods
2. Foraminiferans-Calcium carbonate shells, mostly marine
http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Foraminiferans-10-species-2.jpg
4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods
C. Radiolarians-silica shells; marine
http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Radiolarians-10-species-2.jpg
5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
1. Loboseans-unicellular: predator,
parasite, scavengers
2. Plasmodial slime mold-multinucleate;
vegetative phase = feeding stage-move
by cytoplasmic streaming; unfavorable
conditions form fruiting body-spore
bearing
3. Cellular slime mold-individual cells
with in body
5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
1. Loboseans-unicellular: predator, parasite, scavengers
http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/3212957287_129489fca2_o.150a.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsYpngBG394&feature=response_watch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKNzzxuz6uk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU
5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
2. Plasmodial slime mold-multinucleate; vegetative
phase = feeding stage-move by cytoplasmic streaming;
unfavorable conditions form fruiting body-spore bearing
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://gallery.photo.net/photo/8415236md.jpg&imgrefurl=http://photo.net/photodb/photo%3Fphoto_id%3D8415236&usg=__aoJe0Gw_ClyKLcVFu_PbQZkDeig=&h=453&w=680&sz=154&hl=en&st
art=6&itbs=1&tbnid=np8wEHUz7wA1vM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplasmodial%2Bslime%2Bmold%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1
5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
3. Cellular slime mold-individual cells within body
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/5/5d/Dog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg/180pxDog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk&feature=related
(first 30 sec)
Groups
5. Unikonts
B. Opisthokonts
1. Choanoflagellates-flagella
posterior (all others anterior)
2. Animals
3. Fungi
5. Unikonts
B. Opisthokonts
1. Choanoflagellates-flagella posterior (all others anterior)
very similar to sponges
http://monado.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/choanoflagellate.jpg