The Organelles:
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
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Endosymbiotic
origins
Unique unions reshaped the tree of life
Architectural Clues
Cyanobacterium
Chloroplast
Mayorella viridis
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The promiscous green alga, Chlorella
Paramecium bursaria
A taste for the
good life?
Prorodon viridis
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Cyanophora paradoxa
Trying commitment . . .
Reduced genomes remain
Chloroplast genomes 200-120Kb
encode about 80 proteins
Mitochondrial genomes 16-17Kb
encode about 20 proteins
Chloroplast genomic reduction is still occurring in higher plants
Relationships aren’t easy!
Protein
Import
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Mitochondrial
Features
Mitochondria are
typically 0.5-5um
in diameter
A new slant on EM imaging
Biochemistry
Molecular
Architecture
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Mitochondrial dynamics
and biochemical diversity
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JC-1 stain
Time-lapse
5 sec/frame;
several minutes total
Video
Going with the flow
Video
Example from a hypha of the fungus Phycomyces
Mitochondria revealed!
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Video
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Video
In a
Xenopus
tissue
culture cell
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In yeast
Rapid fission
and fusion
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Dynamin in mitochondrial division
Yeast (wt)
COS cells
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Yeast
Dynaminrelated
protein::GFP
COS cells
Dynamin
inhibition (B,D)
results in the
formation of
reticulate
networks
Organelles and their genomes are
inherited maternally
And so are mutations
encoded in the
mitochondrial genome
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Apoptosis
Video
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Cytochrome C::GFP is lost from mitochondria to the cytosol
Plant cell
Chloroplasts are
typically 1-10um
in diameter
Double envelope
Mitochondria
Thylakoids and
stacked grana
Stroma
Nucleus
Starch
grain
Chloroplast ultrastructure
Freeze fracture of granal face
Photosystem II particles
stack grana
Freeze etch of granal section
Grana
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Stromal tubule activity
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Video
FtsZ in chloroplast division
wt
ftz
Video
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Chloroplast
movement
Local chloroplast orientation
to light in the green alga
Mougeotia depends upon
microfilaments and calcium
Actin microfilament / myosin
driven cytoplasmic streaming
circulates plastids in many plant
cells
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Video
Other types of plastids
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