Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses

advertisement
Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms
•
•
•
•
•
1) Monerans (Prokaryotes)
2) Protists
3) Plants
4) Animals
5) Fungi
2009 Integrated Science
2009 Integrated Science
What is a prokaryote??
• Prokaryote- organism that does not have
a nucleus or organelles in its cells
(bacteria)
• Eukaryote- nucleus + organelles
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes (Monerans)
Prokaryotes are known for causing disease:
ex. tuberculosis, strep throat, STD’s, etc…..
Most are not harmful & sometimes helpful
ex. certain E. coli help vitamin production/ digestion in
humans
Globally, bacteria are essential to the cycling of nutrients
through the biosphere (nitrogen)
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Environ_Hazard/images/nitrogencyclesmall.jpg
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 15: Three Domain System
of Classification
Domains are a category above kingdoms.
3 Domains of organisms:
1) Archaea—prokaryotes
2) Bacteria—prokaryotes
3) Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants, animals (all eukaryotes)
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Archaea vs. Bacteria
1) Archaea—many are extremophiles
can live in harsh environments (Early earth??)
(high temp., salinity, little oxygen)
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Archaea vs. Bacteria
2) Bacteria—
Different info in their DNA and RNA from Archaea.
Cell walls different from Archaea.
Antibiotics can kill bacteria.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission:
mechanism: DNA copied….move to opposite ends of cell
called binary fission
Potential:
1 cellīƒ  68 billion cells
in 12 hours
2009 Integrated Science
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
Bioremediation:
Humans use prokaryotes to remove
pollutants from water/air/soil
ex. sewage treatment
Pseudomonas has been used to clean up oil
spills.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
Pharmaceuticals:
Bacteria can be used to make vitamins,
proteins, & antibiotics.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on disease
Disease defense:
barriers: skin, mucous lining
immune system: chemical & cellular defense
antibiotics:
prevent or slow the growth of bacteria
***not useful with viral diseases
2009 Integrated Science
Video
• The Good and Bad Side of Bacteria
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
-viruses are NOT considered living cells
-viruses must use a host cell to reproduce
-viruses are composed of a small section of DNA
or RNA and a protein coat
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
2 reproduction methods (use host cell to
reproduce):
1) Lytic Cycle: virus invades a cell, destroys it,
and spreads
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
2 reproduction methods:
1) Lysogenic Cycle: virus injects its genes into
the host.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
Infection example:
Herpes virus that causes cold sores may
stay dormant in your DNA and only
reproduce during times of stress.
2009 Integrated Science
Common Cold
2009 Integrated Science
Influenza
2009 Integrated Science
Polio
2009 Integrated Science
Hepatitis
2009 Integrated Science
Ebola
2009 Integrated Science
Measles
2009 Integrated Science
Mumps
2009 Integrated Science
Kuru
2009 Integrated Science
Video
• Virus video
2009 Integrated Science
Let’s shift to PROTISTSCh. 17
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
2009 Integrated Science
Kingdom Protista (ch. 17)
• “Stuff” kingdom
2009 Integrated Science
Kingdom Protista
1) Most diverse eukaryote kingdom
eukaryote = nuclear membrane
2) Most protists are unicellular
3) Most are free-living (not parasitic)
4) Protist cells are very complex (perform
ALL functions of the cell)
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
1) animal-like = protozoans
2) fungus-like
3) plant like = algae
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
1) animal-like = protozoans
heterotrophs: get energy & organic molecules by
eating…
bacteria
other protists
decaying matter
found mostly in aquatic environments
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
1) animal-like = protozoans
Grouping by motility (how they move)
a) zooflagellates (flagella)
ex. Giardia
b) pseudopodia
ex. amoeba
c) ciliates
ex. Paramecium
d) no movement = apicomplexans (parasites)
ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)
2009 Integrated Science
Zooflagelletes
2009 Integrated Science
Amoeba with Pseudopods
2009 Integrated Science
Ciliated Paramecium
2009 Integrated Science
Apicomplexans
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
2) fungus-like
3) plant like = algae
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
2) fungus-like
heterotrophic…….get food & energy by decomposing
DEAD organic matter
NOT to be confused with fungi, though they are similar
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
2) fungus-like
Major types:
plasmodial slime molds
cellular slime molds
water molds/ downy mildews
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
3) plant like = algae
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
3) plant like = algae
autotrophs…….chloroplasts use sunlight to make food (
unicellular, colonial, OR multicellular
2009 Integrated Science
Grouping Protists by nutrition
3) plant like = algae
TYPES:
euglenoids
dinoflagellates (plankton, red tide, bioluminescence)
diatoms
seaweeds
brown algae
red algae
green algae
2009 Integrated Science
Download