Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms
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1) Monerans (Prokaryotes)
2) Protists
3) Plants
4) Animals
5) Fungi
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What is a prokaryote??
• Prokaryote- organism that does not have
a nucleus or organelles in its cells
(bacteria)
• Eukaryote- nucleus + organelles
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes (Monerans)
Prokaryotes are known for causing disease:
ex. tuberculosis, strep throat, STD’s, etc…..
Most are not harmful & sometimes helpful
ex. certain E. coli help vitamin production/ digestion in
humans
Globally, bacteria are essential to the cycling of nutrients
through the biosphere (nitrogen)
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Environ_Hazard/images/nitrogencyclesmall.jpg
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Chapter 15: Three Domain System
of Classification
Domains are a category above kingdoms.
3 Domains of organisms:
1) Archaea—prokaryotes
2) Bacteria—prokaryotes
3) Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants, animals (all eukaryotes)
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Archaea vs. Bacteria
1) Archaea—many are extremophiles
can live in harsh environments (Early earth??)
(high temp., salinity, little oxygen)
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Archaea vs. Bacteria
2) Bacteria—
Different info in their DNA and RNA from Archaea.
Cell walls different from Archaea.
Antibiotics can kill bacteria.
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission:
mechanism: DNA copied….move to opposite ends of cell
called binary fission
Potential:
1 cell 68 billion cells
in 12 hours
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2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
Bioremediation:
Humans use prokaryotes to remove
pollutants from water/air/soil
ex. sewage treatment
Pseudomonas has been used to clean up oil
spills.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on bacterial positives
Pharmaceuticals:
Bacteria can be used to make vitamins,
proteins, & antibiotics.
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on disease
Disease defense:
barriers: skin, mucous lining
immune system: chemical & cellular defense
antibiotics:
prevent or slow the growth of bacteria
***not useful with viral diseases
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Video
• The Good and Bad Side of Bacteria
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
-viruses are NOT considered living cells
-viruses must use a host cell to reproduce
-viruses are composed of a small section of DNA
or RNA and a protein coat
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
2009 Integrated Science
Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
2 reproduction methods (use host cell to
reproduce):
1) Lytic Cycle: virus invades a cell, destroys it,
and spreads
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
2 reproduction methods:
1) Lysogenic Cycle: virus injects its genes into
the host.
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Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses
Focus on viruses
Infection example:
Herpes virus that causes cold sores may
stay dormant in your DNA and only
reproduce during times of stress.
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Common Cold
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Influenza
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Polio
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Hepatitis
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Ebola
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Measles
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Mumps
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Kuru
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Video
• Virus video
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Let’s shift to PROTISTSCh. 17
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
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Kingdom Protista (ch. 17)
• “Stuff” kingdom
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Kingdom Protista
1) Most diverse eukaryote kingdom
eukaryote = nuclear membrane
2) Most protists are unicellular
3) Most are free-living (not parasitic)
4) Protist cells are very complex (perform
ALL functions of the cell)
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
1) animal-like = protozoans
2) fungus-like
3) plant like = algae
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
1) animal-like = protozoans
heterotrophs: get energy & organic molecules by
eating…
bacteria
other protists
decaying matter
found mostly in aquatic environments
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
1) animal-like = protozoans
Grouping by motility (how they move)
a) zooflagellates (flagella)
ex. Giardia
b) pseudopodia
ex. amoeba
c) ciliates
ex. Paramecium
d) no movement = apicomplexans (parasites)
ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)
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Zooflagelletes
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Amoeba with Pseudopods
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Ciliated Paramecium
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Apicomplexans
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
2) fungus-like
3) plant like = algae
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
2) fungus-like
heterotrophic…….get food & energy by decomposing
DEAD organic matter
NOT to be confused with fungi, though they are similar
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
2) fungus-like
Major types:
plasmodial slime molds
cellular slime molds
water molds/ downy mildews
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
3 Major categories:
3) plant like = algae
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
3) plant like = algae
autotrophs…….chloroplasts use sunlight to make food (
unicellular, colonial, OR multicellular
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Grouping Protists by nutrition
3) plant like = algae
TYPES:
euglenoids
dinoflagellates (plankton, red tide, bioluminescence)
diatoms
seaweeds
brown algae
red algae
green algae
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