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How did we get from Linnaean Taxonomy…
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archaea
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
To
a
tree-like
concept
of
organisms?
Extant
Land!
Animals
Multicellular
Extinct
First Eukaryotes
0.5
1
2
Cyanobacterial Oxygen 3
Origin of Life
Original Cell
4 BYBP
Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig
German entomologist
1913-1976
Hennig developed a
mechanism (cladistics) to find
the pathways of evolution
among related organisms.
It is based not only on what
one sees, but on many kinds
of evidence, including
molecular sequences.
The pathways are determined
by virtue of shared derived
characteristics
(synapomorphies).
http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/upload/2007/04/Willi_Hennig2.jpg
Rather than putting organisms
into Linnean taxonomic
“boxes,” the cladistics
process shows the pathway of
evolution.
Evidence Categories
• History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently
• Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc.
• Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss
• Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc.
• Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny
• Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia
How do we find the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
Characters-Attributes of the organism
»Anatomy
»Morphology
»Development
»Physiology
»Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States
•Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
•Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
»Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
»Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
•Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup
Typical Cladogram
Present Extant A Extant B
A’
Time
A”
A’”
AncientCommon
Ancestor
This branching of evolution
is called cladogenesis
(aka: macroevolution).
Extinct
A’ is the common
Transitional ancestor of extant
Forms
A and extant B
This straight line of evolution
is called anagenesis (aka:
microevolution).
http://www.wingwatchers.com/images2/pickfrog1.jpg
Rana sylvatica
Wood Frog
Rana sphenocephala
Leopard Frog
Rana catesbeiana
Bull Frog
Rana palustris
Pickerel Frog
What could
have made them
speciate?
Rana clamitans
Green Frog
http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co05172003/Art/Green_Frog.jpg
https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/
Library/NCR/PhotoGallery/NR-Bullfrog.jpg
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critte
r/amphibian/images/northernLeopardFrog.jpg
http://zoology.unh.edu/faculty/litvaitis/
Research/woodfrog.jpg
5 species
of frogs
found
locally
March
April
May
June
Bull frog
Green frog
Pickerel frog
Leopard frog
Mating Activity
Wood frog
Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal?
Which frog was mating in mid-March?
July
Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a
pond in the north temperate zone.
March
April
May
June
Bull frog
Green frog
Pickerel frog
Leopard frog
Mating Activity
Wood frog
Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal?
Which frog was mating in mid-March?
Which frog was mating in early May?
July
Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a
pond in the north temperate zone.
March
April
May
June
Bull frog
Green frog
Pickerel frog
Leopard frog
Mating Activity
Wood frog
Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal?
Which frog was mating in mid-March?
Which frog was mating in early May?
When were three species of frog mating?
July
Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a
pond in the north temperate zone.
March
April
May
June
Bull frog
Green frog
Pickerel frog
Leopard frog
Mating Activity
Wood frog
Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal?
Which frog was mating in mid-March?
Which frog was mating in early May?
When were three species of frog mating?
Why do you think Green and Bull frogs mated so much later?
July
Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a
pond in the north temperate zone.
Grand Canyon squirrels:
Sciurus aberti aberti
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Sciurus aberti kaibabensis
North Rim
South Rim
Model of geographic speciation:
interbreeding between populations decreases
one species
with
unrestricted
interbreeding
Kaibab Squirrel
North Rim
erosion
begins
Grand Canyon
prevents interbreeding
Abert Squirrel
South Rim
Time (10,000 years)
Typical Cladogram
Present Extant A Extant B Extant C
A’
Time
A”
A’ A B constitute a clade
A” C are a grade (is paraphyletic)
A” C A’ A B are a clade (is monophyletic)
A’”
A’ A B is the sister group of C
AncientCommon
Ancestor
Typical Cladogram
Present Extant A Extant B Extant C Extant D Extant E
A’
Time
A”
A’”
AncientCommon
Ancestor
D A””’ E are a ?
clade
Extinct!
A””
A””’
Common ancestor +
A””’ D E are a ?
grade
The ABC clade may be, say, a genus.
The DE clade may be another genus…
in the same family
The ABCDE clade would be the
family
Typical Cladogram
Present Extant A Extant B Extant C Extant D Extant E
A’
Time
A”
On the other
hand…
Extinct!
A””
A””’
AB are a genus
C is a monotypic
genus
DE are a genus
A’”
ABC might be one family
DE are in another family
AncientCommon
Ancestor
ABCDE might constitute an order
Extant
Extinct
Living organisms together are part of one…?
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Prokaryotic organisms constitute one…?
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are one…?
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Extant
Plants are one…?
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are a clade
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Extant
Animals and
Fungi are a…?
Plants are a clade (monophyletic)
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are a clade
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Extant
Protists, all together, constitute one…?
Animals and
Fungi are a clade!
Plants are a clade (monophyletic)
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are a clade
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Extant
Protists are polyphyletic (unnatural taxon)
Animals and
Fungi are a clade!
Plants are a clade (monophyletic)
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are a clade
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic)
Original Cell
Figure 28.4
(a) Data set 1 (morphological traits):
Whales diverged before the origin of artiodactyls.
(b) Data set 2 (DNA sequences):
Whales and hippos share a common ancestor.
Perissodactyls
(horses and rhinos)
Perissodactyls
(horses and rhinos)
ARTIODACTYLS
Whale
Camel
ARTIODACTYLS
Camel
Peccary
Gain of pulleyshaped astragalus
Peccary
Pig
Pig
Hippo
Gain of pulley-shaped
astragalus
Hippo
Whale
Loss of pulleyshaped astragalus
Astragalus
(ankle bone)
Deer
Deer
Cow
Cow
(c) Data set 3 (presence and absence of SINEs): Supports the close relationship between whales and hippos.
Locus
Cow
Deer
Whale
Hippo
Pig
Peccary
Camel
1  SINE present
0  SINE absent
?  still undetermined
Whales and hippos share four
unique SINEs (4, 5, 6, and 7)
Figure 28.4b
Perissodactyls
(horses and rhinos)
ARTIODACTYLS
Camel
Peccary
Gain of pulleyshaped astragalus
Pig
Hippo
Whale
Loss of pulleyshaped astragalus
Deer
Cow
(c) Data set 3 (presence and absence of SINEs): Supports the close relationship between whales and hippos.
Locus
Cow
1  SINE present
0  SINE absent
?  still undetermined
Deer
Whale
Hippo
Pig
Peccary
Camel
Whales and hippos share four
unique SINEs (4, 5, 6, and 7)
This is the tree-of-life cladogram used by your textbook
Fig. 29.8 Pg 601
It varies in some minor ways, mostly additions.
It shows “uncertainty” as a multifurcation.