PLANTS PROTECTION
(PESTS OF PLANTS )
Dr. SUPRIYADi, MS
Departement of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Sebelas Maret
II. INSECT
MORPHOLOGY
ARTHROPODS= Insects and their relatives
Insect -characters
 Do not have a backbone (invertebrates)
 Body divided into three
regions
(Head/Caput, thorax, abdomen)
 Three sets of legs: Easiest character to see
 One pair of antennae: May be small
 Wings : Only found in adult insects, Not all
insects have wings (fleas,springtails)
 The Body is covered with hard outer shell,
(exoskeleton)
EXTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY
EXTERNAL
MORPHOLOGY
Insect mouthparts: two main
types
 Chewing/biting
damage
mouthparts
damage
 Sucking
mouthparts
Chewing mouthparts
<chewing
mouthparts
Insect mouthparts: in evolotion, maybe, develop
in to types of:







Chewing/biting types :grasshopper, Lucusta spp
Cutting-sponging type : Horsefly
Sponging type: Housfly,
Siphoning type: Butterfly
Pierching-sucking type:Hopper/plant-leaf hopper
Chewing-tapping type: bee, Apis spp
Rasping or sucking type: thrips
Order Orthoptera
 Simple
development
 Chewing mouthparts
 Two pairs of wings/
first set are thickened and leather-like
 e.g. Grasshoppers, Mantids,Roaches;
Crickets, Walking sticks,
Orthoptera
Orthoptera wings
1st pair leather like,
thickened
>
2nd pair thin flying wing
Orthoptera wings
Earwigs- Dermaptera





Short wing coverssecond pair not
always developed
Simple development
Chewing mouthparts
Have terminal forceps
20 species in North
America
Order Hemiptera (True bugs)
•Simple development
•Sucking mouthparts
•Two pairs of wings/
1st pair a half wing in Heterocera
True Bugs- Hemiptera wings
Two sets of wings
1st pair thick for
1st half , thin for other
< Half wing
< half wing
Order Homoptera
(Aphids, scales, ciada)
•Simple development
•Sucking mouthparts
•Two pairs of membrane
type wings
Ash leaf-curl aphids
Order Lepidoptera
(Butterflies and moths)
•Complete development-larvae are
caterpillars
•Larvae have chewing mouth parts
•Two pairs of wings/ Covered with
scales
Butterflies and moths Order Lepidoptera
Scaled wings
Order Coleoptera
(Beetles)
•Complete development- larvae are grubs
•Chewing mouthparts larvae and adults
•Two pairs of wings-first hardened into
wing covers
Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
Adult beetle
wing cover
Larvae beetle

Order Coleoptera
(Beetles)
Order Diptera (True Flies)
•Complete developmentlarvae are maggots
•Chewing mouthparts in
larvae/
• variable in adults
•Adults only have 1 pair
of wings
Order Hymenoptera
(Ants,bees,sawflies)
•Complete development-larvae are
maggot like
•Chewing mouthparts in larvae
•Two pairs of wings- both membrane
like hooked together to work as one
Elm sawfly adult
Hymenoptera wings
Amazing insect facts



Larvae eat 3-4 times
their weight / day in
food
Aphids can process
100 times weight in
plant sap
Some insects can
survive being frozen
solid
Sawfly larvae
III. INSECT
METAMORPHOSE
Insect Development
 Cold
blooded- development
influenced by temperature
 Most insects inactive below 50 0 F;
 Breed, eat, develop faster the
warmer it is up to 95 0 F.
Insect Development
or Metamorphosis
Two forms of development (change
Simple/ Partial/ Primitive
Complete/ Advanced
Simple/ Partial/ Primitive
Simple/ Partial/ Primitive
Simple
metamorphosis
 Simple(gradual) Metamorphosis:
 Egg- nymph- adult
All life stages look similar, behave similar
Whole family can live and feed together
Molting
Simple metamorphosis
Simple Metamorphosis Orders
Complete
Metamorphosis
Egg -Larvae-Pupae-Adult
 Larvae not look like adult- are wormlike
 Can live in different environment
 Eat different food
 Larvae usually the main pest
(Southwood, 1978)
Complete
Metamorphosis
Pest
 Phyillum da
 Clas llusca
 Phyillum s :
(Southwood, 1978)
Complete
Metamorphosis
(Southwood, 1978)
Sekian
Wass. alaikum Wr .Wb.