Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition
Alberts ● Johnson ● Lewis ● Raff ● Roberts ● Walter
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• ISBN: 978-0-8153-4105-5
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Different groups of organisms produce cellulose
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Cellulose pellicle produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Chemical constitution of cellulose as 1-4-linked b-D-anhydroglucopyranose and
numbering of carbon atoms in the representation of Haworth (1929, 1932). The
equatorial position (b-position) of C1–O1 is given by O1 above the ring with O5 at
the back
Schematics of (a) single cellulose chain repeat unit, showing the directionality of the 1 - 4
linkage and intrachain hydrogen bonding (dotted line), (b) idealized cellulose microfibril
showing one of the suggested configurations of the crystalline and amorphous regions, and
(c) cellulose nanocrystals after acid hydrolysis dissolved
the disordered regions
Fleeces of bacterial nanocellulose produced by two different
Gluconacetobacter strains (left: DSM 14666; right: ATCC 23769;
DSM=Deutsche Sammlung fr Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen,
Braunschweig, Germany; ATCC=American Type Culture Collection,
Manassas, VA, USA) and the corresponding electron micrographs
(scale bars: 2 mm).
BNC hydrogels formed in situ. a) Film prepared in a PP
container under static conditions; dimensions: 2525 cm2, thickness:
200 mm.[181] b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking
rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface.[181] c) Tubes
created by a matrix technology as blood-vessel implants; inner
diameter: 0.6–6 mm.
Tube of bacterial nanocellulose designed by a matrix technology
and presented on a red glass rod, which symbolizes the blood
flow when the tube is used as a blood-vessel substitute; inner
diameter: 6 mm, length: 15 cm
BNC tube used as a long-segment vascular graft (5 cm) for
the right carotid artery of a sheep (courtesy: Priv.-Doz. Dr. J.
Wippermann, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University
Hospital Cologne, Germany).
Schematic of the tree hierarchical structure
Schematics of rosette and linear TCs (adapted from Brown et al.71), for (a) wood, plants (6
chains/subunit), green algae (Micrasterias), (b) Tunicate (Metandroxarpa uedai) (unknown
number of chains/subunit) (adapted from Kimura et al.64), (c) green algae (Valonia) (10–12
chains/subunit), (d) red algae (Erythrocladia) (4 chains/subunit), (e) yellow-green algae
(Vaucheria) (1 chains/subunit), and (f) bacterial (Acetobacter) (16 chains/subunit). Each dark
circle represents a single subunit
Schematic of the different levels of the formation of a wood microfibril (a) minisheet cross-section believed to form
from a single subunit, in which van der Waals forces hold the cellulose chains together. Each grey box represents
a cellulose chain looking down the chain-axis. (b) elementary fibril cross-section, the assembly of 6 minisheets
into a cellulose crystal I lattice of B3–5 nm dimensions. The consolidation of multiple elementary fibrils forms a
microfibril, (c) microfibril cross-section composed of 6 elementary fibrils (modified Frey-Wysling model),392 (d)
microfibril lateral section showing the series configuration of crystalline and amorphous regions.
Functional specialization of cellulose synthase genes of
prokaryotic origin in chordate larvaceans
Origin and evolution of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes in the tunicate lineage
Horizontal transfer of a prokaryotic CesA-like gene to the common ancestor of the tunicates. Two
scenarios are possible. The horizontally transferred gene underwent gene duplication at the base of the
tunicate lineage and was retained in larvaceans (Appendicularians), while being lost in ascidians.
Alternatively, gene duplication occurred specifically in the larvacean lineage, with ascidians retaining the
ancestral single-copy state. The gene(s) responsible for cellulose production in thaliaceans have not yet
been isolated.