Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and
Tarsiers
Now: the Anthropoids…
But first… (Tx Travis!)
Anthropoids
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A.k.a., the haplorhines
Dry, unconnected noses; like yours
Africa, Asia, South America (originally)
Monkeys, apes and humans
– ***prosimians are NOT “monkeys”
• Two groups
– Catarrhines (monkeys and apes in the Old World)
– Platyrrhines (just monkeys, and in the New World only)
Rhine = nose
Catarrhine: Old World Primate
Nostrils oriented downward
Platyrrhine: New World Primate
Nostrils oriented sideways
Old/New World
Differences Between
Platyrrhines and Catarrhines
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Nostrils
Large, separated by wide
septum
Small, separated by
narrow septum
Premolars
Three (2133 or 2132)
Two (2123)
Arboreal only
Habitat U se
(only capuchin monkey
terrestrial at times)
Both arboreal &
terrestrial forms
Diurnal only
Diurnal & Nocturnal forms
Carry Infants
Dorsally
Ventrally
Infant Care by
Adult Males
Sometimes
Very Rarely
Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition:
2133 vs. 2123
(usually)
New World Monkeys
Ceboidea
Family
Subfamily
Cebidae
Common Names
Body size
General Social
Pattern
Squirrel monkey
Small
Large, multi-male,
multi-female groups
Some Special Features
- strictly seasonal breeding
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Capuchin monkey
- large brain
_________
- tool use
Medium
-adaptable & resourceful (like
Old World macaques)
- weakly prehensile tail
Callitrichidae
small
polyandry
tamarins,
twins, high paternal investment,
reproductive suppression
marmosets
Atelidae
Pithecinae
Uakaris & Sakis
Medium
Socially monogamous
Other?
Alouattinae
Atelinae
Howler monkeys
Spider monkey,
wooly monkey,
woolly spider
monkey
Large
Very large
One-male, multifemale groups
("harems")
Large fusion-fission
communities
red-faced uakari:sexual
selection?
Swamp dwellers (hard to study)
- LOUD howling
- prehensile tail (strong!)
- prehensile tails (strong &
dextrous!)
Interesting social patterns (kind
of like chimps and bonobos)
Cebids vs. Callitrichids
Contrasts with the the Cebidae:
Gross
Characterization
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
"true" monkeys
"squirrel-like"
monkeys
Tiny
Body Size
Medium
Dental Formul a
2133 / 2133
"phyletic
dwarfism"
2132 / 2132
= molar reduction !
Nails & Claws
Nails on all digits
Clas on all digits
except hallux
Births
Singletons
Twins
Male Care of
Infants
Rare & indirect
Direct & present in
most species
Alloparental Care
of Infants
Absent
Present in most
species
*alloparental care of infants PRESENT in Capuchins, acc. To more recent Perry!!!
Callitrichids
juvenile golden lion tamarin
Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)
Callitrichids
Golden
Lion
Tamarins
Moustached Tamarin
Cotton Top
Tamarin
Common Marmoset
Callitrichids: New Discovery
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•
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•
Wied’s marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii)
Usually born as twins
Chimerism: an exchange of cells
between twins early during embryonic
development; result is that most of
these monkeys have tissues grown
from their twin's cells
Germ line too: marmoset fathers can
sire their own children and their
nephews
Atelines
Red-faced uakari
Howler monkey
Atelines: prehensile tails
Spider monkeys
Cebids
Squirrel monkey
Capuchin monkey
Catarrhines
• Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys
– Cercopithecines
– Colobinae
• Hominoidea: the apes
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecin ae
Colobi nae
"cheek pouch" monkeys leaf monkeys / langurs
Buccal pouches
Yes
No
Diet
Fruits & other
Leaves & other
Body Size
Medium to Large
Large to Very Large
Tails
Shortish
Longish
Natal Coat
Same as adult or "drab"
colors
(e.g., black)
Often bright,
conspicuous colors
Continent of Highest
Diversity
Africa
Asia
Temperame nt
Active, socially dynamic
Couch potatoes?
Cercopithecines
Gelada
baboon
Hamadryas
baboon
Japanese
macaque
Cercopithecines: female-bonded
Celebes macaque
Colobines
Black and white colobus
Snub-nosed monkey
Snub-nosed monkey
Snub-nosed monkey
Colobines
Proboscis monkey
Colobines eat a lot of leaves
Colobines vs. Howlers
• Colobines: gut with adaptations for digesting
cellulose
• Howlers: not so; other adaptations (some
behavioral ones…) instead
Hominoidea: the Apes
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
Category
The “lesser”
apes
The “great” apes
Common
names
Gibbons and
siamangs
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Bonobos
humans
Distribution
Southeast
Asia
Borneo,
Sumatra
-Lowland gorilla in
West Central Africa
-Mountain gorilla in
volcanic mountains
bordering Rwanda,
Uganda, and Congo
Tropical
rainforests and
tropical forests of
West, East, and
North-central
Africa
Central African
Rainforests
South of the big
bend of the
Congo River
Global
(plus?)
Size
Large
(5-11 kg)
Huge
(35-70 kg)
Huge
(90-150 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
Grouping
Pattern
Socially
monogamous
Solitary
Group (1 alpha male,
his ‘harem,’ and their
kids)
Large fissionfusion
communities
Large fissionfusion
communities
Large
multimal/
multifemae
communitie
s
The
“human”
apes
Ape Distribution
Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
Duetting (territoriality)
Monogamy
Orangutan
Orangutan
Gorilla
Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
4 Goodall films shown in class
Bonobo
Human
Overview
Order: Primates
Prosimians
Lemur GroupLoris Group
Anthropoids
Tarsiers?
Platyrrhines
(NWM)
callitrichids
cebids
Catarrhines
(OWM and apes)
atelids cercopithecoids
cercopithecines
Lots of fossils
Very few to no fossils
hominoids
colobines
“lesser apes”
hylobat
“great apes”
Chimp human common ancestor (lived 6-7 mya)
orangutans
chimp bonobo human
gorillas
Primates: Variables
• Lots of morphological variation
– Size, colors, dentition
• Lots of variation in social group structure (many males and many females
in a group vs. monogamous pairs, etc.)
• Lots of variance in social activity (solitary aye aye vs. the übergregarious
capuchin)
• Lots of variance in locomotion
• Lots of variance in diets
• Lots of variance in susceptibility to predation
• What accounts for this variance?
Primate Behavioral Ecologists
• Primatologists figure out relationships between
ecology, morphology, behavior, and sociality
• Social variables (e.g., dominance and subordinance,
fighting, mating, genetic relatedness), ecological
variables (e.g., seasonal foods, the presence of
predators), morphological variables (e.g., a very long
gut), etc.
Some Examples
• Colobines (OWM) and howler monkeys (NWM)
eating leaves, but having very different energy levels
• Male gorillas having proportionately larger teeth
than females, even though they eat leaves, not meat
• When newly joining a group, male langurs will
selectively kill most or all infants who are still
nursing, then immediately mate with the mothers
(who agree to it!)