Case study: Interaction Solanum spp. – Oidium neolycopersici RNDr. Barbora Mieslerová, Ph.D. Katedra botaniky Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzita Palackého Olomouc „There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. „ Albert Einstein Solanum Solanum spp. is a large and diverse genus of annual and perennial plants. They grow as forbs, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees, and often have attractive fruit and flowers. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) or Cyphomandra are included in Solanum as subgenera or sections today. Thus, the genus nowadays contains roughly 1,500-2,000 species. Several species are cultivated, including three globally important food crops: Tomato, S. lycopersicum Potato, S. tuberosum Eggplant, S. melongena Solanum (Lycopersicon) spp. Variability of fruits and flowers of r. Solanum sect. Lycopersicon, sect. Juglandifolia a sect. Lycopersicoides (Peralta et al., 2008). Taxonomy of genus Solanum – earlier taxonomy According to the former concept of Rick (1979; 1995) there were discriminated two large species-complexes within genus Lycopersicon, namely Esculentum-complex and Peruvianum-complex. Esculentum-complex encompassed 7 species: L. esculentum (newly Solanum lycopersicum), L. cheesmanii (S. cheesmaniae), L. chmielewskii (S. chmielewskii), L. hirsutum (S. habrochaites), L. parviflorum (S. neorickii), L. pennellii (S. pennellii) and L. pimpinellifolium (S. pimpinellifolium). In Peruvianum-complex were placed two species: L. chilense (S. chilense) and L. peruvianum (S. peruvianum). Crossability polygon of Solanum (Lycopersicon) species (Lindhout et al., 1994) Esculentum-complex PENN ESC HIRS CHEES PIM PARV CHMIE Strong barrier of interspecific hybridization PER CHIL PERHU Peruvianum-complex Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (Solanum lycopersicum) L. pimpinellifolium (S. pimpinellifolium ) Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum (Solanum habrochaites) L. pennellii (S. pennellii) http://digi.azz.cz/Book001/images/Solanum_peruvianum_A327.j pg L. peruvianum (S. peruvianum) L. chmielewskii (S. chmielewskii) Taxonomy of genus Solanum – recent taxonomy •Recently, it is widely accepted that tomato and its wild relatives belong to the genus Solanum subgen. Potatoe (G. Don) D´Arcy, sect. Lycopersicon (Mill.) Wettst., subsect. Lycopersicon (e.g. Child, 1990; Spooner et al., 2005; Ji and Scott, 2007; Peralta et al., 2008) •Child (1990) also propounded representatives of Solanum sect. Lycopersicoides Child (including S. lycopersicoides and S. sitiens), and sect. Juglandifolium (Rydb.) Child (included S. juglandifolium and S. ochranthum) as the closest relatives of subsect. Lycopersicon. •Peralta et al. (2008) recently distinguished 13 species belonging to Solanum sect. Lycopersicon and four closely related species (S. juglandifolium, S. lycopersicoides, S. ochranthum and S. sitiens). Comparison of earlier (Rick, 1979) and recent classification (Peralta et al., 2008) of genus Solanum sect. Lycopersicon (according to Grandillo et al., 2011) Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) belongs to the order Erysiphales (powdery mildews) and it is arelatively new disease occurring predominantly on glasshouses tomato crops throughout Europe and New World Distribution of Oidium neolycopersici Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy (mainland Italy), Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, UK (England)), ASIA (Bhutan, China (Hong Kong), India (Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand), AFRICA (Tanzania), NORTH AMERICA (Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, New York)), CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN (Guadeloupe, Jamaica), SOUTH AMERICA (Argentina, Venezuela). Distribution of Oidium neolycopersici http://agro.biodiver.se/2007/04/whats-so-special-about-oidium-neolycopersici/ The map of the first records of Oidium neolycopersici occurrence in Europe Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B. Plant Prot. Sci. 36 (4):156-162, 2000. Symptoms of disease The first symptoms of the disease start to occur in EARLY SUMMER, seldom in late spring. On the UPPER, seldom on the lower LEAF SURFACES white pustules of powdery mildew appear. YOUNGER LEAVES are mostly WITHOUT SYMPTOMS. The SMALL CIRCULAR INITIAL PUSTULES, 3-10 mm diam., enlarge quickly and can COVER THE WHOLE LEAF SURFACE within a few days. In highly suscpetible tomato cultivars, the STEMS AND PETIOLES are also affected Infected plant parts GROW SLOWLY, which is followed by CHLOROSIS of the colonized tissue, DEFOLIATION AND DRYING of the plant. NO SYMPTOMS are recorded on tomato FRUIT. Symptoms of tomato powdery mildew (O. neolycopersici) infection on susceptible S. lycopersicum. (A) The initial symptoms of powdery mildew. (B) Intensive disease infestation. (C) Necrosis after intensive disease development. Photo B. Mieslerová Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici). (A) Conidiophores. (B) Conidia. (C) Germinating conidium. (D) Dense mycelial coat with conidiophores on leaf of susceptible tomato. Photo R. Novotný (A, B) and B. Mieslerová (C, D) Chemical protection - registered preparations against tomato powdery mildew in the Czech Republic Preparation Effective compound BIOAN Lecitihin, Albumin, Milk Cassein KUMULUS WG Sulphur ORTIVA Azoxystrobin SCORE 250 EC Difenoconazole TALENT Myclobutanil TOPAS 100 EC Penconazole Morphological characterization and possible taxonomic position The exact taxonomic determination of Oidium neolycopersici is difficult Till now the TELEOMORPH STAGE was NOT FOUND. The attempt to initiate formation of cleistothecia under laboratory conditions failed Jones et al. (2000) on the basis of the complex study including light microscopy, SEM analysis and ITS sequence analysis this species assign to ERYSIPHE SECT. ERYSIPHE, and found that is very close relative (nearly identical) to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi and clearly distinguish from Golovinomyces orontii and G. cichoracearum. Kiss et al. (2001) identified earlier described powdery mildew on tomatoes from AUSTRALIA (OIDIUM LYCOPERSICI) as a species different from tomato powdery mildew widespread in EUROPE, AFRICA, NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA AND ASIA (OIDIUM NEOLYCOPERSICI). Parsimony tree of the phylogenetic analysis of ITS4 -5,8S- ITS 5 regions. Jones et al.. Can. J. Bot.78:1361-1366, 2000. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105: 684-697, 2001 O. neolycopersici isolate Pseudoidium type O. lycopersici isolate from South Australia – Euoidium type Taxonomical position Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene for 12 Pseudoidium anamorphs (according to Kiss et al., 2001) Morphological comparative study Trying to solve the problem of taxonomical position of O. neolycopersici, comparative morphological studies of 14 isolates of powdery mildew – 10 of O. neolycopersici (OL), 1 – Golovinomyces cichoracearum (GC) 1 - Golovinomyces orontii (GO) 1 – Sphaerotheca fusca (SF) 1 – Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi (EAR) – using light and Scanning electron microscopy Our COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY revealed DIFFERENCE of Oidium neolycopersici from Golovinomyces cichoracearum, G. orontii and Sphaerotheca fusca and close SIMILARITY to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R., Novotný, R. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungar., 37 (1-3): 57-74, 2002. Dendrogram constructed on morphological data showing similarity between isolates of O. neolycopersici (OL), Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi (EAR), G. cichoracearum (GC), G. orontii (GO) and Sphaerotheca fusca (SF). SF 13 GC GO EAR 5 OL E-1 OLC1CS OL CKV OL G-5 OL G-4 OL G-2 OL RZ-1 OL W-2 OL G-3 OL W-1 OL C-1 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Dissimilarity Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R., Novotný, R. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungar., 37 (1-3): 57-74, 2002. SEM photographs of selected powdery mildews Oidium neolycopersici Golovinomyces cichoracearum Sphaerotheca fusca Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R., Novotný, R. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungar., 37 (1-3): 57-74, 2002. BIOLOGY OF THE PATHOGEN (Oidium neolycopersici) The influence of environmental conditions on development of tomato powdery mildews has been reported by various authors (e.g. (Fletcher et al., 1988; Hannig, 1996; Whipps and Budge, 2000; Jacob et al. 2008; Mieslerová and Lebeda, 2010). ). The EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE and LIGHT CONDITIONS (spectral quality, intensity and photoperiod) on germination, development and conidiation of tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) on the highly susceptible tomato cv. Amateur were studied. CONIDIA GERMINATED across the whole range of tested temperatures (10– 35°C); however, at the end-point temperatures, germination was strongly limited. Suitable conditions for O. neolycopersici development were narrower than for germination. At temperatures slightly lower than optimum (20–25°C), MYCELIAL DEVELOPMENT and time of appearance of the first conidiophores was delayed. CONIDIATION occurred within the range of 15–25°C, however was most intense between 20–25°C. Basic conditions important for development and conidia formation of O. neolycopersici have also been studied (Fletcher et al., 1988; Hanning, 1996; Whipps and Budge 2000; Jacob et al., 2008) – with similar results concerning temperature conditions. As for RELATIVE HUMIDITY, the highest percentage of infections was found on tomatoes growing at 60-80% R.H. Mean length of the germ tube (um) Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A. J. Phytopathol. 1–12 (2010) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 6hpi 11 hpi 24 hpi 48 hpi Hours post inoculation T10 T15 T20 T25 T30 T35 Mean length of the conidial germ tubes of Oidium neolycopersici in various temperature conditions Light conditions Pathogen development was also markedly influenced by the LIGHT CONDITIONS. At each light regime, the percentage of CONIDIA GERMINATION was relatively HIGH, and after 48 hpi ranged 78–95% Light intensity significantly influenced pathogen development. Conidiation and mycelium development was greatest at light intensities of approximately 55–62 umol ⁄m2 per second. At LOWER INTENSITIES, pathogen DEVELOPMENT WAS DELAYED, and in the dark, conidiation was completely inhibited. The results regarding the effect of LIGHT SPECTRUM are more complicated. Pathogen development was MORE RAPID UNDER RED, blue and green plastic foil, that under white light. However, CONIDIATION was PROFUSE after 8 dpi under ALL COLOUR foils. A dark period of 24 h after inoculation had no stimulatory effect on later mycelium development, however complete dark for 8 days reduced mycelium development and no sporulation occurred. Very interesting results were obtaineed when only inoculated LEAF was COVERED WITH ALUMINIUM FOIL while whole plant was placed in photoperiod 12h/12h. - intensive mycelium development and slight subsequent sporulation on covered leaf was recorded. Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A. J. Phytopathol. 1–12 (2010) Mean length of the germ tube (um) 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 6 hpi 11 hpi 24 hpi 48 hpi Hours post inoculation A white light B blue light C red light D green light E reduced light intensity F reduced light intensity G reduced light intensity H dark Mean length of the conidial germ tubes of Oidium neolycopersici in various light conditions Host range of O. neolycopersici •O. neolycopersici is NOT ABLE TO INFECT economicaly important species from the families Brassicaceae (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis; Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Compositae (Asteraceae), Leguminosae (Phaseolus lunatus, Pisum sativum) and Poaceae (Zea mays, Triticum aestivum) (Arredondo et al., 1996; Whipps et al., 1998). •On the other hand, some SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES WERE FOUND in the families Apocynaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Cistaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedialiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae a Violaceae (Whipps et al., 1998). •We tested in host-range studies 70 species of 20 genera of Solanaceae and 7 species of Cucurbitaceae. The most interesting findings were the results concerning the family Solanaceae; there were confirmed the completely resistant genotypes, moderatelly resistant genotypes (e.g. Ancistus spp., Atropa sp., Browalia sp., most of the representatives of Capsicum spp., Hyoscyamus, some Solanum) •On the end of this spectrum are susceptible genotypes of genera Datura sp., Nicotiana sp., Petunia sp., Schizanthus sp., and Solanum capsicoides, S. jamaicense, S. laciniatum, S. lycopersicoides, S. melongena, S. sysimbriifolium (Lebeda and Mieslerová, 1999) Records on ability of different Oidium neolycopersici isolates to infect cucumber, tobacco and eggplant Plant species Origin Report Lebeda, Mieslerová CS HU SW NL UK UK RUS (1999) Kiss (1996) Corbaz (1993) Huang et al. (1998) Fletcher et al. (1988) Whipps et al. (1998) Ignatova et al. (1997) + - susceptible - resistant nd - not determined Cucumis sativus + Nicotiana tabacum - Solanum melongena - + + + + + + + + nd nd + + + nd Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B.: Plant Prot. Sci. 36 (4):156162, 2000. Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B. Acta Phytopathologica and Entomologica Hungarica, 34 (1-2), 13-25, 1999. Wild Solanum and Lycopersicon germplasm as sources of resistance •Extensive screening of tomato cultivars, foregoing the study of wild relatives of tomato (Solanum spp.), showed that in assortments of TOMATO CULTIVARS (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) available till the end of 20th century, DIDN´T EXIST ANY EFFECTIVE SOURCES OF RESISTANCE to O. neolycopersici. Therefore the effort of breeders and phytopathologist turned out to wild relatives of tomato. •Generally, among the most important SOURCES OF RESISTANCE in earlier genus Lycopersicon (recently Solanum) can be considered some genotypes of S. habrochaites (L. hirsutum), S. parviflorum (L. parviflorum), S. peruvianum (L. peruvianum) and S. pennellii (L. pennellii) (Lindhout et al., 1994a; Ignatova et al., 1997; Milotay a Dormanns-Simon, 1997; Ciccarese et al., 1998; Mieslerová et al., 2000; Matsuda et al., 2005). •On the other hand within species S. lycopersicon (L. esculentum) and S. pimpinellifolium (L. pimpinellifolium), which are the closest relatives of cultivated tomatoes, there were found only few resistant genotypes (Georgiev a Angelov, 1993; Kumar et al., 1995; Ciccarese et al., 1998; Mieslerová et al., 2000) and most of the closest relatives are highly susceptible to infection of powdery mildew. Succesive clustering of Lycopersicon spp. based on inoculation experiments with Oidium neolycopersici (C-1) (154 Lycopersicon spp. accessions) L. esculentum L. pimpinellifolium L. esc. cerasiforme L. chmielewskii L. peruvianum L. parviflorum L. pennellii L. hirs. glabratum L. hirsutum L. chilense L. cheesmanii 2,00 1,00 0,00 Dissimilarity Mieslerová, B., Lebeda, A., Chetelat, R.T. Journal of Phytopathology 148, 303-311, 2000. Intraspecific pathogenic variability within Oidium neolycopersici Differences in host range experiments postulate existence of DIFFERENT PATHOTYPES (formae speciales) of O. neolycopersici The COMPARISON OF PATHOGENICITY of four O. neolycopersici isolates originating from the CZECH REPUBLIC, GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS AND ENGLAND on Lycopersicon spp. genotypes revealed variability on level of race specialization. The English isolate of O. neolycopersici considerably differs from others – higher % of susceptible responses (according inoculation experiments on 35 accessions of wild Lycopersicon species). The PRELIMINARY DIFFERENTIAL SET OF LYCOPERSICON spp. genotypes was proposed. Existence of three races was proposed. Comparison of O. neolycopersici isolates originating from the Czech Republic (C1/96), Germany (G/97), the Netherlands (W1/97) and England (E/98) based on inoculation tests with 35 Lycopersicon spp. accessions E/98 W1/97 G/97 C1/96 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Dissimilarity Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B. J. Plant. Dis. Prot. 109 (2) 129-141, 2002. The list of Lycopersicon spp. accessions recommended as a base for preliminary differential set and postulated pathogen races Lycopersicon spp. Accession L. esculentum L. hirsutum L. hirsutum L. hirsutum L. hirsutum f. glabratum cv. Amateur LA 94 LA 1738 LA 1731 LA 2128 O. neolycopersici isolate / race/ response W1/97 C1/96 G/97 E/98 OL1 OL2 OL2 OL3 S S S S R R R R S R R R S R R R M S M R Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B. J. Plant. Dis. Prot. 109 (2) 129-141, 2002. Reaction pattern: R - resistant (% max ID between 0-30) M - moderately resistant/susceptible (% max ID between 30-60) S - susceptible (% max ID between 60-100) Intraspecific variability within Oidium neolycopersici In the Netherland Huang et al. (2001) studied O. neolycopersici variability by AFLP analysis of four Dutch isolates. They revelaed at least two different patterns related to two types of O. neolycopersici isolates. •Study of intraspecific variability of Oidium neolycopersici isolates originating from various countries of Europe, North America and Japan showed that ITS SEQUENCES were identical for all 10 isolates of O. neolycopersici, however AFLP ANALYSIS discovered high diversity of all isolates and they were represented by different genotypes (Jankovicz et al., 2008). •Probably may exist UNKNOWN MANNER OF SEXUAL RECOMBINATION or other genetic mechanisms, who is responsible for such broad genetic variability of O. neolycopersici. Nevertheless, until now was not found any clear relationship betweeen virulence and AFLP patterns of studied of O. neolycopersici isolates. In the research of this subject is the most difficult problem separate study of intraspecific variation by molecular genetic methods and study of virulence variation. Infection cycle of O. neolycopersici •Some detailed studies of infection cycle of O. neolycopersici on tomato and wild Solanum spp. were realized (Huang et al., 1998; Jones et al., 2000; Lebeda and Mieslerová, 2000; Lebeda et al., 2002; Mieslerová et al., 2004). 3-6 hpi germination started 3-24 hpi deposits of extracellular matrix (ECM) 8- hpi primary short germ tube, ending in a primary appressorium, from which a primary haustorium Till 24 hpi secondary appressorium, secondary haustorium Till 72 hpi third and fourth germ tubes 89-120 hpi the first conidiophores Huang et al., 1998; Jones et al., 2000; Lebeda and Mieslerová, 2000; Lebeda et al., 2002; Mieslerová et al., 2004 168 hpi http://beta-media.padil.gov.au/species/136595/2723large.jpg Schematic representation of Oidium neolycopersici development at 8, 24 and 72 hpi on leaf discs of susceptible genotype Solanum lycopersicum cv. Amateur. (according to Mieslerová and Lebeda, 2010) Comparison of Oidium neolycopersici germination on Lycopersicon spp. accessions in various intervals after inoculation % germination 100% 6h 24 h 48 h 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% L. c es m .A e at L. ur c es R .O 6 40 e L. s 1 R O . c 96 L. 0 00 8 m ch ie LA 6 26 3 r hi . L A .L 4 13 7 3 17 8 2 21 8 2 13 2 6 25 0 LA A A A . L L L r . b. n. ir pe rv a n h l . a e . g L p p L ir. L. L. h L. A .L 44 5 Mieslerova, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R.: Ann. appl. Biol. 144: 237-248, 2004. Comparison of Oidium neolycopersici development on Lycopersicon spp. accessions (72 hpi) 100% Conidia with the third germ tube 80% Conidia with the second germ tube 60% Conidia with the first appressorial germ tube 40% 20% Conidia with the first non-appressorial germ tube 0% r J J A 63 347 738 128 322 560 445 1A 08 8 eu 61 6 6 t 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 a 40 600 40 00 LA A A A A A LA m . L L L L L R 6 R 9 A . . 9 l. r. v . nn. uv c. c. O c. O OR r r R ie hirs hirs lab s e O e s . s m pa pe . p . . L. L. .f g L. L. e L. e esc sc. . ch L L L . e L s . L. r L hi . L Mieslerova, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R.: Ann. appl. Biol. 144: 237-248, 2004. Resistance mechanisms of Lycopersicon spp. to O. neolycopersici •Both Huang et al. (1998) and Mieslerová et al. (2004) reported that in resistant Solanum (sect. Lycopersicon) accessions, many epidermal cells, in which a primary haustorium was formed, became necrotic, indicating a HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE (HR). Another resistance MECHANISM NOT BASED ON HYPERSENSITIVITY was revealed in L. hirsutum (LA 1347) (Mieslerová et al., 2004) •Huang et al. (1998), who recorded papillae beneath some appressoria at very low frequencies in all accessions including the susceptible control. Haustoria were present in at least 50% of the cells where papilla was induced. Therefore, papilla formation seems NOT TO BE AN EFFECTIVE OR A COMMON MECHANISM OF SOLANUM SPP. RESISTANCE TO O. NEOLYCOPERSICI. •The phenomenon of CALLOSE DEPOSITION in the sites of pathogen penetration was described in pathosystems with powdery mildew. Experiments realized by Li et al. (2007) found that accumulation of callose are related with the resistance given by genes Ol-1 and Ol-4, what is manifested by hypersensitive response and also linked with the resistance based on recessive gene ol-2, which is connected with papillae formation. •In our experiments no changes in the deposition of LIGNIN were observed in diseased or healthy plants of wild Solanum spp. during the first 120 hpi (Tománková et al., 2006). Mieslerova, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R.: Ann. appl. Biol. 144: 237-248, 2004. Hypersensitive response of tomato leaf tissue after infection of powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) Papilae formation after initial infection of tomato leaf tissue of powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) Mieslerova, B., Lebeda, A., Kennedy, R.: Ann. appl. Biol. 144: 237-248, 2004. Resistance mechanisms of Lycopersicon spp. to O. neolycopersici • The existence of ADULT PLANT RESISTANCE in tomato line OR 4061 was confirmed. Rapid development and profuse sporulation of O. neolycopersici was observed on juvenile plants (6-8 w), however this was in contrast to the slow development and sporadic sporulation observed on 4 month old plants. • The phenomenon of FIELD RESISTANCE is only very little known in interaction between wild Solanum spp. and tomato and O. neolycopersici. Glasshouse infection experiment with ten Solanum accessions (Mieslerová and Lebeda, unpubl. results) showed significant differences in the disease progress during the growing period (ca 4 month) and the level of field resistance to O. neolycopersici. • In the end of experiment (110th day after inoculation of spread plants) susceptible tomato cv. Amateur was heavily infested. However, some other accessions (S. pennellii /LA 2560/, S. peruvianum /LA 445/, tomato line OR 4061) did not exceed 20% of the maximum infection degree (ID) and expressed slower rate of diseases development, i.e. high level of field resistance. Field resistance in the interaction between wild Solanum spp. and tomato powdery mildew Solanum spp. accession Σ%maxID (leaf disc experiments) S. lycopersicum cv. Amateur 100 S. lycopersicum OR 4061 12.5 S. lycopersicum OR 960008 50 S. chmielewskii LA 2663 36.66 S. habrochaites LA 1347 28.33 S. habrochaites LA 1738 3.33 S. habrochaites f. glabratum LA 2120 3.33 S. neorickii LA 1322 0c S. pennellii LA 2560 14.44 S. peruvianum LA 445 63.33 ABC 5918.75 1328.00 2685.00 0 0 0 0 0 1440.00 1493.75 Physiology and biochemistry of host-pathogen interaction •One of the first responses of host cells after beginning of the interaction between plant and pathogen is the increased PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS). •PEROXIDASES (POXS) represent one of the important groups of enzymes, which participate in the metabolism of ROS in plants •Reactive ROS are apparently involved in the INDUCTION OF HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE and they function also as SIGNAL MOLECULES in the programmed cell death (Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Hückelhoven and Kogel, 2003). •NITRIC OXIDE (NO), the ubiquitous intra- and extracellular messenger, has a wide spectrum of regulatory functions in plant growth, ontogenesis and responses to various stress stimuli. The key role of NO AS A SIGNAL MOLECULE and in defense processes of plants was documented Production of ROS in the interaction between Lycopersicon spp. and Oidium neolycopersici Defence reactions occurring in tissue of three Lycopersicon spp. were investigated during the first 120 hpi. Changes in accumulation of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE and enzymes involved in its metabolism (CATALASE, PEROXIDASES, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE) were monitored. A hypersensitive reaction was detected after 48 hpi in both resistant tomato accessions. High production of SUPEROXIDE ANION was observed mainly in infected leaves of highly susceptible Lycopersicon esculentum cv. ‘Amateur’ during the first hours post inoculation (hpi). The production of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE as well as an INCREASE OF PEROXIDASE (POX) activity were detected mainly in RESISTANT ACCESSIONS at 4–12 hpi and at the second phase (20-48 hpi). INCREASED SOLUBLE POX AND CATALASE ACTIVITY in leaf extracts of resistant accessions L. chmielewskii (LA 2663) and L. hirsutum (LA 2128) (20 hpi) CORRELATED with the % of NECROTIC CELLS in infection sites. The correlation between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activity of enzymes participating in their metabolism and hypersensitive response was evident during plant defence response. Time course of hydrogen peroxide concentration in leaf tissues of Lycopersicon spp. accessions after inoculation by O. neolycopersici. ■ - infected, □ - control plants. Mlíčková, K., Luhová, L., Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B., Peč, P. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 753-761, 2004. Tománková, K., Luhová, L., Petřivalský, M., Peč, P., Lebeda, A. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 68: 22–32, 2006. Infected plants Healthy plants 350 Peroxidase activity (nkat/ml) 300 250 L. esculentum cv. Amateur L. chmielewskii (LA 2663) 200 L. hirsutum f. glabratum (LA 2128) 150 100 50 0 Time (hpi) 6 24 50 120 6 24 50 120 6 24 50 120 Time course of peroxidase activity in leaves of Lycopersicon spp. accessions after inoculation by O. neolycopersici Mlíčková, K., Luhová, L., Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B., Peč, P. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 753-761, 2004. Tománková, K., Luhová, L., Petřivalský, M., Peč, P., Lebeda, A. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 68: 22–32, 2006. Infected plants Catalase activity (nkat/ml) 600 L. esculentum cv. Amateur L. chmielewskii (LA 2663) 6 6 Healthy plants L. hirsutum f. glabratum (LA 2128) 500 400 300 200 100 0 24 50 120 24 50 120 6 24 50 120 Time course of catalase activity in leaves of Lycopersicon spp. accessions after inoculation by O. neolycopersici Mlíčková, K., Luhová, L., Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B., Peč, P. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 753-761, 2004. Tománková, K., Luhová, L., Petřivalský, M., Peč, P., Lebeda, A. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 68: 22–32, 2006. Hypersensitive reaction (72 hpi) Mean length of germ tube (um) 48 hpi Changes of catalase activity nkat/ml (72 hpi) Changes of peroxidase activity nkat/ml (72 hpi) 100 80 60 20 40 Changes of enzyme activity (nkat/ml) 40 HR (%); length of germ tube (um) 120 20 0 0 L. esculentum Mlíčková, K., Luhová, L., Lebeda, A., Mieslerová, B., Peč, P. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 753-761, 2004. L. chmielewskii L. hirsutum Tománková, K., Luhová, L., Petřivalský, M., Peč, P., Lebeda, A. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 68: 22–32, 2006. Local and systemic production of nitric oxide in tomato responses to powdery mildew infection NO production was determined in PLANT LEAF EXTRACTS of L. esculentum cv. Amateur (susceptible), L. chmielewskii (moderately resistant) and L. hirsutum f. glabratum (highly resistant) by the oxyhaemoglobin method during 216 h post-inoculation. In SUSCEPTIBLE GENOTYPE, elevated NO production was observed only during the EARLY INTERVAL following inoculation, at 4-8 hpi. A specific, TWO-PHASE INCREASE IN NO PRODUCTION was observed in the extracts of infected leaves of MODERATELY AND HIGHLY RESISTANT genotypes. Second phase started from 96 hpi and lasted up to end of the studied interval at 216 hpi. Moreover, transmission of a SYSTEMIC RESPONSE THROUGHOUT THE PLANT was observed as an increase in NO production within tissues of uninoculated leaves. In resistant tomato genotypes, increased NO production was LOCALIZED IN INFECTED TISSUES by confocal laser scanning microscopy using the fluorescent probe 4-amino-5- methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate. Piterková, J., Petřivalský, M., Luhová, L., Mieslerová, B., Sedlářová, M., Lebeda, A. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 501-513, 2009. Localization of nitric oxide (NO) at later stages of Oidium neolycopersici pathogenesis (168 hpi) on Lycopersicon chmielewskii (LA 2663) - Confocal fluorescence staining with DAF-FM DA (4-amino-5-(N-methylamino)-2`,7`-difluorofluorescein diacetate) Piterková, J., Petřivalský, M., Luhová, L., Mieslerová, B., Sedlářová, M., Lebeda, A. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 501-513, 2009. Increase of NO production in infected compared to control non-infected plants 4, 8 and 216 hpi in the leaves under (brown column) and above (green column) inoculated (red column) leaves of L. esculentum cv. Amateur (susceptible genotype), L. hirsutum f. glabratum (LA 2128) (highly resistant) and L. chmielewskii (LA 2663) (moderately resistant). Changes in photosynthesis of Lycopersicon spp. plants induced by tomato powdery mildew infection in combination with heat shock pre-treatment Effect of POWDERY MILDEW Oidium neolycopersici ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS in tomato leaves was investigated DURING 9 DAYS after inoculation using CO2 exchange measurement and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. In both MODERATELY RESISTANT (Lycopersicon chmielewskii) and SUSCEPTIBLE (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Amateur) genotypes the infection caused only minimal impairment of photosynthesis. Because in many host-pathogen interactions, PLANT RESISTANCE and/or susceptibility is INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE, we studied effect of short heat stimulus (40,5°C 2 h) on pathogen development and changes of photosynthesis. When the plants were PRE-TREATED BY HEAT SHOCK (40.5° C, 2 H) before inoculation, RESISTANCE RESPONSE OF L. chmielewskii was NOT AFFECTED, whereas in L. esculentum CHLOROSES/NECROSES DEVELOPED and rate of CO2 assimilation and maximal quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (FV/FM) decreased in infected leaves. The HS-pretreatment did not change significantly the resistance in L. chmielewskii and increase susceptibility in L. esculentum. Photographs (A-D) of representative healthy and powdery mildew infected leaflets of the SUSCEPTIBLE TOMATO (L. esculentum) with (HS-treated) or without (non-treated) heat shock pre-treatment; the image of MAXIMAL QUANTUM YIELD OF PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOCHEMISTRY (FV/FM; E-H) and steady-state value of NON-PHOTOCHEMICAL FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING (NPQ; I-L) in the same leaflets (9dpi). Prokopová, J.,Mieslerová, B., Hlaváčková, V., Hlavinka, J., Lebeda, A., Nauš, J., Špundová, M. . Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2010 (in print). Genetic basis of resistance Only few experiments tried to study the genetic background of resistance to O. neolycopersici in wild Lycopersicon spp.. The resistance in the pathosystem Lycopericon spp. - O. neolycopersici is conferred by monogenic genes (Bai et al., 2005; Huang et l., 2000; Li et al., 2007). DOMINANT RESISTANCE GENES (Ol -1, Ol- 3, Ol -4, Ol -5, Ol- 6) confer race-specific resistance by hampering the fungal growth via Hypersensitive response of the host rpidermal cells, whereas the RECESSIVE GENE ol-2 confers reistance via papilla formation. POLYGENIC RESISTANCE – locus linked on Chr 6- L. hirsutum PI247087. Resistance gene Origin Author Ol -1 L. hirsutum G1.1560 Huang et al., 2000 ol-2 L. esculentum var. cerasiforme Ciccarese et al., 1998 Ol- 3 L. hirsutum G1. 1290 Huang et al., 2000 Ol -4 L. peruvianum LA2172 Bai et al., 2004 Ol -5 L. hirsutum PI247087 Bai et al., 2005 Ol- 6 ABLs Bai et al., 2005 Ol-QTLs 1-3 L. parviflorum G1.1601 Bai et al., 2003 Rozvoj oboru rostlinolékařství na katedře botaniky PřF UP Pedagogická část: •Stávající výuka předmětů Základy fytopatologie bude rozšířena výukou předmětů: •Fytopatologie pro pokročilé (výuka od školního roku 2013/2014) •Fytopatologická exkurze (výuka od školního roku 2012/2013) – spolupráce s MZLU •Výstavy pro veřejnost např. v botanické zahradě UP •Přednášky pro veřejnost Rozvoj oboru rostlinolékařství na katedře botaniky PřF UP Vědecká část : •Vedení bakalářských a diplomových prací; popř. SOČ •Studium vnitrodruhové patogenní variability obligátních biotrofních parazitů rostlin (klasický fytopatologický přístup) – výhledově doplnit o molekulární metody- zatím se daří pouze u některých patogenů •Studium mechanismů rezistence hostitelů vůči biotrofním parazitům – použití nových metod detekce např. hypersenzitivní reakce; spolupráce s katedrou biochemie (produkce enzymů podílejících se obranných reakcích); téma rozšířit o studium stresem podmíněné změny rezistence/náchylnosti. •Studium biologie biotrofních patogenů. Soustředit se na problematiku přezimování a reinfekce na jaře •Prohloubit studium výskytu biotrofních parazitů na okrasných rostlinách