The Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Presentation and Processing and the Relationship to Susceptibility and Resistance to Diseases; Folder Title: MHC Updated: November 25, 2012 Kuby Immunology, 6th Edition, Chapter 8 Topics Listed vs Topics Covered in BIO 447, See Page 189 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. General Organization and Inheritance of the MHC Genes MHC Molecules and Genes Detailed Genomic Map of MHC Genes (Not Covered in BIO 447) Cellular Expression of MHC Molecules Regulation of MHC Expression (Not Covered in BIO 447) MHC and Disease Susceptibility MHC and Immune Responsiveness Self-MHC Restriction of T-Cells Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Not Covered in BIO 447 Evidence of Different Antigen-processing and Presentation Pathways Endogenous Antigen: The Cytosolic Pathway Exogenous Antigens: The Endocytic Pathway Cross Presentation of Exogenous Antigens Presentation of Non-Peptide Antigens What we saw earlier in the course: What Affects Host Response to Potential Antigens? What else affects host response to potential antigens? What are we looking at? Groups of Mice with Same Collection of MHC Alleles (Haplotype) How do these groups respond to two different experimental antigens? Haplotype = Combination of MHC Genes Inherited from Each Parent Co-dominantly Expressed = both sets of alleles are expressed On a scale of 1 to 5: 1 = I’m totally lost; 2 I’m having a hard time but I get some of it. 3 = I’m doing OK. I get a lot of it. I’ll figure the rest out later. 4 = I’m doing fine. I get most of it; 5 = +2 = This is no problem. Please get moving before I get bored 5 4 3 2 1 Duration: 0 Seconds Both parents are of course histocompatible with their own tissues, and their progeny tolerate skin grafts from either parent because the progeny recognizes antigens from either parent as self. Transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from parent to mixed progeny could generate graft-vs-host reaction What happens if we transplant skin from one b/k progeny hybrid to another b/k hybrid? What happens if we transplant from a b/k hybrid back to either of the parental strains (b/b or k/k)? Why is this collection of genes controlling whether one can transplant a tissue from one mouse to another or from one human to another? Nature doesn’t do transplants. Why does Nature bother to generate genes that control transplantability of tissue? What are these genes controlling tissue compatability (“histocompatibility”)? “Histocompatability Complex or Major Histocompatability Genes = MHC Genes” What products are these genes coding for that control histocompatibility? Mouse H2 Complex Complement Some Proteins Cytokines Figure 8-1, Kuby 6th Edition, Top Half Human HLA (Histocompatibility Complex), Lower Half Next Slide In Humans the Genes Corresponding to MHC Region in Mice are Called Human Leukocyte Associated Antigens or HLA Genes Human HLA Loci Class I Loci Equivalent to K, D, and L in Mice Class II Loci Equivalent to IAa, IAb; IEa, IEb in Mice Kuby, 6th Edition, Figure 8.01, Bottom Half Recombinant Collection of HLA Genes not existing in this grouping in either parent k and b Haplotype “Team Members” See Table 7-1, Kuby 4th Edition, p. 175 Haplotype and Team Members These H2 Genes Control Recognition of Self when cells from mouse strains with two different H2 Haplotypes are mixed together in cell culture. Mixed Lymphocyte Test in Cell Culture MLR Assay See Figure 14-16, p.367, Kuby, 6th Edition Strain X Cells are activated to proliferate by exposure to unmatched cells from Strain Y Strain X Cells are also activated by exposure to strain Y cells in the living mouse Strain X mouse makes T-cells that will lyse strain Y cells Cell-Mediated Lympholysis Assay (CML Assay) CML Assay Strain X Cells are also activated by exposure to strain Y cells in the living See Figure 14-17, Kuby mouse 6th Edition, p. 368. For CML Assay Strain X mouse makes T-cells that will lyse strain Y cells. Why is Strain X mouse doing this? What does the strain X mouse “think” it sees? Get lysis of Strain Y target cells See Figure 8-15, p. 207, Kuby, 6th Edition For MHC Restriction. MHC Restriction will be covered later CML Assay See Figure 14-17, Kuby 6th Edition, p. 368. For CML Assay See Figure 8-15, p. 207, Kuby, 6th Edition For MHC Restriction. MHC Restriction will be covered later Restriction to Self MHC Alleles In Vitro exposure of target cells to spleen cells from LCM virus-infected mouse. On a scale of 1 to 5: 1 = I’m totally lost; 2 I’m having a hard time but I get some of it. 3 = I’m doing OK. I get a lot of it. I’ll figure the rest out later. 4 = I’m doing fine. I get most of it; 5 = +2 = This is no problem. Please get moving before I get bored 5 4 3 2 1 Duration: 0 Seconds What Do MHC Class I and Class II Proteins Look Like? How do they bind and present peptide antigens? MHC-I See figure 8-3, Kuby, 6th Edition, p. 194, left MHC-II See figure 8-3, Kuby, 6th Edition, p. 194, right Class I MHC Protein Binding Cleft Ag Site Class I See figure 8-4, Kuby, 6th Edition, p. 195, right Ag-Bind See figure 8-9(a,b), Kuby, 6th Edition, p. 199 See figure 8-9(c), Kuby, 6th Edition, p. 199 Ag in Site Class I Class I MHC Space-Filling H2K and Peptides See figure 7-12, Kuby 4th edition p. 184 Class I and Class II proteins have sequence differences inherited in the germ line (they are polymorphic) Where are the variations located in the Class I and Class II proteins? Amino Acids Positions of Polymorphic Variations in Class I MHC Proteins in Humans Membrane Distal a1 and a2 Domains (Comprise Peptide-binding Cleft) TransMembrane Residues Kuby, 6th Edition, Figure 8-10(a) p. 201; MHCIVary Kuby, 6th Edition Figure 8-10(b) p. 201 MHC-Class I Polymorphisms MHCIPoly Positions of Polymorphic Amino Acid Residues in a Human Class I MHC Protein MHC ClassI and Flu On a scale of 1 to 5: 1 = I’m totally lost; 2 I’m having a hard time but I get some of it. 3 = I’m doing OK. I get a lot of it. I’ll figure the rest out later. 4 = I’m doing fine. I get most of it; 5 = +2 = This is no problem. Please get moving before I get bored 5 4 3 2 1 Duration: 0 Seconds MHC-II See Figure 8-3, Right Kuby, 6h Edition p. 194 Class II MHC Space Filling HMC-Class II Dimers Comparison of Class I and Class II TCR and MHC-Class II MHC-Class II and Bound Antigen Class I and Class II Antigen Acquisition Variety of MHC Loci & Allelles See Figure 8-12, p. 203 Kuby, 6th Edition) Why are there so many different Class I and Class II proteins in a given individual and in a species gene pool? Why are these gene products so polymorphic? Polymorphism of Class I and Class II Molecules in Human HLA Humans: 6 Different Class I Molecules HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C (3 Class I from one parent, 3 from the other) Approximate HLA Class I Alleles in Persons of European Descent: HLA-A: 60 HLA-B: 110 HLA-C: 40 Humans: 12 Different Class II Molecules (Hetero-dimers) DPa,DPb, DQa,DQb, DRa, DRb (6 Class II from one parent, 6 from the other) Approximate HLA Class II Alleles in Persons of European Descent: 122 Alleles of HLA-DRbeta alone Theoretical Combination of possible alleles is virtually infinite • Combination is inherited at birth • Does not diversify in an individual the way TCR or Antibodies do. • Diversity among individuals depends on degree of familial relationship (full siblings histocompatible about 25% of the time) • Linkage Disequilibrium favors allele combinations based on (1) time of divergence from population founder, (2) hot-spots facilitating genetic cross-overs, (3) selection for or against certain combinations MHCAlleles Association of Human MHC Alleles and Risk for Diseases (from Table 7-4, Kuby Immunology, 4th Edition, p. 193) Disease Ankylosing Spondylitis* Associated HLA Allele B27 Relative Risk** 90 Hereditary Hemochromatosis A3/B14 90 Insulin Dependent Diabetes* DR4/DR3 20 Multiple Sclerosis* DR2 5 Myasthenia Gravis* DR3 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis* DR4 10 Systemic Lupus Erythromatosis* DR3 5 Narcolepsy * Autoimmune Disease HLASick DR2 130 **Percent of Patients with Allele Divided by Percent of Non-Affected Persons with this Allele See Table 7-4, Kuby 4th edition, p. 194 Limited diversity in HLA gene polymorphism due to breeding bottle-neck in recent past leaves cheetahs exceptionally susceptible to viral infections. (6th Ed. P. 206) MHC Genes and Tissue Typing: Not covered in BIO 447 in 2012 Tissue-Typing Among Siblings: Why Are Blood Relatives More Likely to Be Compatible Donors? Mom's Haplotypes (A,B,C, DP, DQ, DR) 1,2,3,4,5,6 7,8,9,10,11,12 1,2,3,4,5,6 13 to 18 Dad's Haplotypes (A,B,C,DP, DQ, DR) 13,14,15,16,17,18 19,20,21,22,23,24 Children's Possible Haplotypes: Inherit from Mom: 1,2,3,4,5,6 7,8,9,10,11,12 19 to 24 Inherit from Dad: 13 to 18 7,8,9,10,11,12 19 to 24 25% of the Off-Spring Likely to be HLA Haplotypes: 1,2,3,4,5,6 + 13,14,15,16,17,18 1,2,3,4,5,6 + 19,20,21,22,23,24 7,8,9,10,11,12 + 13,14,15,16,17,18 7,8,9,10,11,12 + 19,20,21,22,23,24 SibMatch Illustration of HLA Polymorphism, Linkage Disequilibrium,and Tissue-Typing in Humans Class I Loci Class II Loci HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C DP DQ DR 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Example HLA-Types for Four Individuals 2 4 1 5 2 4 3 1 5 5 1 5 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 5 1 HLATyping Tissue-Typing Among Siblings: Why Are Blood Relatives More Likely to Be Compatible Donors? (SibMatch for Dummies version) Mom's Parents (Nigel and Millicent) Nigel's Haplotypes: Nigel & W Millicent Haplotypes: Millicent & X Dad's Parents (Duwayne and Loquida) Duwayne's Haplotypes: Duwayne & Y Loquida's Haplotypes: Loquida & Z Mom's Possible Haplotypes: Dad's Possible Haplotypes: Nigel & Millicent Duwayne & Loquida Nigel & X Duwayne & Z W & Millicent Y and Loquida W&X Y&Z Your Possible Haplotypes: Assume Your Mom got the Nigel & Millicent Haplotypes Assume Your Dad got the Duwayne & Loquida Haplotypes Inherit from Mom: Nigel or Millicent Inherit from Dad: Duwayne or Loquida 25% of the Off-Spring Likely to be these Haplotypes: Nigel + Duwayne Nigel + Loquida Millicent+ Duwayne Millicent + Loquida Mouse H2 Complex Detail K Class I Locus Figure 8-11, Kuby 6th p.202, (Selected Part) IA & IB Major Class II Edition, Loci D Class I Locus I am here! (Testing your XR Transmitter) 1. Yes 2. No Menu Send User Data Hit Enter Get: New channel # Hit: Enter Get: Receiver Found WAIT!!! Get Presentation Mode WAIT! Get Blank Screen Now enter the number “1” for your response Get: Your answer; 1A and a Check-mark Your receiver will appear on the screen Response Grid o 0% N Y 0 of 5 es 0% H2 Haplotypes of some mouse strains Presentation of Exo-Antigen (Class II) See Figure 8-8, Kuby, 4th Edition, p. 209 Presentation of Endogenous Antigen (Class I ) See Figure 8-8, Kuby, 4th Edition, p. 209