Do Now
WRITE the QUESTIONS and ANSWER!!!
What macromolecule is DNA?
What is the subunit of DNA?
What is the shape of DNA?
Where is the DNA located in a Eukaryotic Cell?
What are the 4 Nitrogen bases?
Adenine matches to _______
Guanine matches to _______
A segment of DNA has 500 bases, 30% are Adenine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
How many T?
How many G?
How many C?
What is DNA REPLICATION?
 NEW cells are made by copying
OLD cells
 Before a cell divides, you have to
copy or REPLICATE the DNA
REVIEW!
What stage of the cell cycle does
DNA Replication happen in?
When does DNA Replication occur?
During S –Phase of INTERPHASE
 S-Phase = Synthesis Phase
 The DNA Replicates (copies itself ) to prepare for cell
division (MITOSIS!!!)
Why does DNA REPLICATE?
 To get ready for cell division
 So each new cell has the same exact DNA!
What are the STEPS for DNA Replication?
An Enzyme “UNZIPS” the 2 strands of DNA by
breaking the weak Hydrogen bonds
2. New nucleotides are added to the old stand
1.

REVIEW: A = T and C = G
Another Enzyme “ZIPS” the strands back up
4. DNA Polymerase (an enzyme) “proofreads” the
strands to make sure there are no MISTAKES!
3.
What do you think
might happen if
there are mistakes?!
What is the ROLE of ENZYMES?
 Enzymes
help to:
1. Split the DNA in half
2. Put DNA back together
3. Proofread for any mistakes in the
base pairs
How is DNA Replication SEMICONSERVATIVE?
 When the DNA copies itself, it always has HALF of
the parental (OLD) strand and HALF of the
daughter (NEW) strand
 In other words: the DNA is HALF OLD and HALF
NEW
What are MUTATIONS?
 Changes in the genetic code (DNA)
 Can be: positive, negative or neutral
 Causes: UV radiation, chemicals, bad DNA
proofreading
 Can lead to CANCER
Stations
 Station 1: DNA Replication Practice
 Station 2: Modeling DNA Replication
DNA Complimentary Base Pairing
1.
With you group, create a nucleotide with the parts
you have
-Pay special attention to what should connect
2. One group will line up in a straight line
3. Next the Complimentary pairs will match up
Protein Synthesis
How do your cells make PROTEINS?
 There are steps for turning the code in your DNA
into PROTEINS in the process of protein synthesis
(to MAKE proteins)
 Processes:
1)
DNA Replication
2) Transcription
3) Translation
What are the KEY PLAYERS in Protein
Synthesis?
 DNA
 RNA
 Ribosomes
 Proteins
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DNA & RNA?
DNA
RNA
Function
Provides instructions for
making proteins
Delivers the message to the
Ribosome to make proteins
Organic Molecule
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid
# of Strands
Double Stranded
Single Stranded
Sugar
Deoxyribose Sugar
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen Bases
A, T, G, C
A, U, G, C
Location(s) Found
Nucleus
Nucleus & Cytoplasm
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RNA?
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
-Carries the DNA code to
the Ribosome
-Bring the recipe to the
factory
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
-Links Amino Acids
together
-Delivers the
ingredients
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
-Makes up the
Ribosome
-The necklace factory
DNA vs. RNA Partner Matching
 With your partner, match each characteristic with
either DNA or RNA
 When you are done, create a Venn diagram
comparing and contrasting DNA & RNA using your
matching activity.

You must create at least 4 similarities!
 Write one paragraph comparing and contrasting
DNA and RNA.

Do this independently!
Compare & Contrast
What is the CENTRAL DOGMA?
 DNA  (transcription)  RNA 
(translation) PROTEIN  (trait)
What is a GENE?
 A gene is a section of DNA that codes for 1 specific
protein
 There are thousands of genes in your DNA
 There are steps for turning a gene (DNA) into a
protein through protein synthesis
DNA Practice Problems
What is TRANSCRIPTION?
 The GOAL of TRANSCRIPTION is to turn DNA
into an mRNA message
DNA  mRNA message
Re-Writing the DNA code in a slightly different
language!
Where does Transcription take place?
 IN THE NUCLEUS!!!
 The DNA can NEVER leave the nucleus
 SO, the mRNA must go into the nucleus to pick up the
DNA code to bring to the RIBOSOMES
What are the STEPS of Transcription?
1.
DNA Polymerase (enzyme!) unzips the DNA
1.
Uses the DNA template to make an mRNA
(messanger RNA): remember, RNA uses U instead
of T
1.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the
cytoplasm
YOU TRY
 DNA:
 mRNA:
A–T–C–C–G–A–G–T–T–A
Transcription Stations
 Station 1: Transcription Practice
 Station 2: Practice EOC Questions
So…
 Now we know the DNA codes for the proteins that
need to be made..
 And, that mRNA picks that code up and brings it to
the ribosome.
 But…then what?
Lost in Translation
 What does translation mean?
 When have you had to translate something?
What is TRANSLATION?
 The GOAL of TRANSLATION is the link amino
acids together to make PROTEINS
RNAPROTEIN
Where does TRANSLATION take place?
 The CYTOPLASM and RIBOSOMES
 CYTOPLASM: because the mRNA travels our of the
nucleus into the cytoplasm on the way to the
Ribosome
 RIBOSOME: because this is where the proteins are
actually made
What are the STEPS of Translation?
1.
mRNA attaches to the ribosome
1.
Ribosome “reads” the mRNA groups in THREE BASES = a
CODON
1.
A tRNA molecule comes along with the right ANTICODON
to match the CODON
2.
1.
2.
3.
a. Each CODON codes for a certain amino acid
CODON = AAA
CODON = UAG
ANTICODON =
ANTICODON =
The tRNA molecules “carries” the amino acids and links
them together with PEPTIDE bonds to make a PROTEIN
What is another name for PROTEINS?

POLYPEPTIDES because they are made of many
PEPTIDE BONDS
IMPORTANT TERMS:
•
CODON = is a set of THREE NITROGEN
BASES
• ONE CODON = ONE AMINO ACID
•
TRANSCRIPTION = DNA mRNA (in
nucleus)
•
TRANSLATION = RNAPROTEIN (in
cytoplasm/ribosome)
GALLERY WALK
PROTEIN SYTHESIS ANALOGY: A COOKIE
FACTORY
The RIBOSOME is like…
 A necklace factory.
 Because… The whole purpose of the factory is to
make necklaces (proteins)
The DNA is like…
 The Boss
 Because… it tells the factory workers which type of
necklaces to make.
The mRNA is like…
 The Secretary
 Because… it delivers the necklace recipes and
orders to the factory
The Boss (DNA) tells the secretary (mRNA) which necklaces
(proteins) need to be made
 The secretary (mRNA) delivers the Boss’s (DNA) necklaces order
to the factory (Ribosome)

The tRNA is like…
 The Delivery trucks
 Because… it drops off the ingredients to the factory
for the correct necklaces to be made

The trucks (tRNA) drop off the ingredients – the beads (amino
acids) - to make the necklaces (proteins) that the Boss (DNA)
ordered
So…
 The Boss (DNA) gives the necklace orders and recipes to the Secretary
(mRNA) to bring to the necklace factory (ribosomes).
 The Delivery Trucks (tRNA) bring the ingredients (amino acids) to the
necklace factory (ribosome), where the necklaces (proteins) are
made and then shipped out
With your partner..
 Take 1 minutes to discuss the analogy and how the
necklace factory relates to protein synthesis
But…
 What does this actually look like?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38
Annotate your drawing along with me…
Check Point
1) The diagram above depicts the process of
______________________________ synthesis, or how the
cell makes proteins from DNA.
2) What is the name of the process happening inside the nucleus?
3) In one sentence, explain what happens in the nucleus.
4) To what organelle does mRNA go to after the first step of protein
synthesis?
5) What step of protein synthesis happens here?
6) Explain what happens during the process you identified above.
Autoville Practice
 Using your knowledge of Protein Synthesis and the
Cookie Analogy, Independently complete Autoville
practice
Now…
 We know that the mRNA brings the recipe to make
the proteins
 And, the tRNA brings the right ingredients (amino
acids) to make the proteins
 And, the Ribosome actually puts the ingredients
together to make the proteins
 BUT… How does the tRNA know which amino acids
to bring…?
GUIDED PRACTICE
Translation
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
CTA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
GCA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
GGT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
TTC CAC
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
GTA CAT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
CCT GTA TCA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids
PRACTICE
Protein synthesis
TAT
Codon Chart