Organelle Presentations
Blue Block
October 2012
Nucleus
By: Nir Liebenthal and Julia Gagosian
Function &
Structure:
• Store cell's DNA (Hereditary Material)
• Direct the Cell's activities.
Metabolism
 Growth
 Protein Synthesis
 Reproduction
Nuclear Envelope: Separates nucleus and cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm: Semi-fluid matrix found inside nucleus.
Nuclear pores:Allow molecule passage between nucleus & cytoplasm.
Chromatin: In the Nucleoplasm, protein cell's DNA, string like structure,

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•
•
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• Nucleolus:
that form chromosones during mitosis/ cell division.
organelle within nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Location:
• Located in Eukaryotes.
• Usually located in center of cell.
• Exists in plants & animals.
• Analogy: Brain
o Control Center: Movement, Reactions etc.
References:
http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/1.html
http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htm
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/nucleus.htm
Nucleolus
Mary Ronchetti
Function
~The Nucleolus is where protein and RNA
molecules are constructed.These
materials are subunits from which
ribosomes are built. The subunits pass
through nuclear pores to reach the
cytoplasm.
Structure
Round dense cluster of RNA and proteins
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=nucleolus&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=591&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=5vXxzu10dSiOZM:&imgrefurl=http://www.t
utorvista.com/biology/nucleolus&docid=ZdOEZQEk2wM6kM&imgurl=http://images.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/nucleus_1.gif&w=454&h=317&ei=PVB8UJeqHK3H
0AHxzIGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=716&vpy=188&dur=3768&hovh=188&hovw=269&tx=107&ty=139&sig=106272138567734021128&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=192&start=
0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:146
Location
~Found inside nucleus
~Found in eukaryotics
~Found in protistans, fungi, plants and
animals.
Analogy
The Nucleolus is like a factory that
produces a product and then ships it out.
References
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life by
Starr and Taggart
Ribosomes
By: Ben Weinberg
Function and Structure
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•
•
•
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•
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Arranges strands of amino acids
for use of other parts of cell and
body
Translates mRNA into protein
Made up of proteins and RNA
Cytoplasmic granules
Two subunits: large and small
mRNA is sandwiched between
the small and large subunits
ribosome catalyzes formation of
a peptide bond between the two
amino acids that are contained
in the rRNA
Location
•
•
•
•
•
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Two types of ribosome: Free and attached
Free ribosomes are found throughout cytoplasm
attached ribosomes are connected to endoplasmic reticulum
Exists in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Composed of different amounts of rRNA and proteins
Exists in plant, animal, and bacterial cells
Analogy: Famous athletes signing autographs for many diehard fans
References
Links for images used:
•
•
920&bih=951&tbm=isch&tbnid=7g0N-IShXv44qM:&imgrefurl=http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ribosome.html&docid=5kb3z9aslmlQTM&imgurl=http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/imgbio/ribosome.gif&w=600&h=311&ei=uiBUL7xEKq10QHv0oGQCw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=2&sig=113444616434996590802&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=139&t
bnw=269&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:72&tx=440&ty=301
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:enUS:official&biw=1920&bih=951&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jah4i2yEV7NnFM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Struc
tural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Translation&docid=ZGhBDRM_YdBWiM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/651pxRibosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png&w=651&h=459&ei=sSNUOzbJ_Ot0AGkiIDYBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=424&sig=113444616434996590802&page=1&tbnh=149&tbnw=2
12&start=0&ndsp=48&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:99&tx=151&ty=62
Cited Source:
•
Starr/Taggart. Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed. Pacific GAve: n.p., n.d. Print.
THE ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Tori Neville and Sabrina Smith
STRUCTURE AND LOCATION
 Twisted
and flat sac continuous with
nuclear membrane
 Studded with millions of ribosomes (what
makes it rough)
 Found throughout
cell but densest
around cell nucleus
& Golgi apparatus
FUNCTION
 Protein
production, folding, quality
control, and dispatching
 Analogy:

Like a card building factory. A part produces the
cards, a part folds them into cards, part checks to
make sure the cards don’t have defects, and then a
section ships the finished cards out to where they’re
needed
REFERENCES
 Info
from:
http://www.bscb.org/?url=softcell/er
 Picture 1:
http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Bio
logy%20117/Cells.htm
 Picture 2:
http://www.glogster.com/kcalderaio/roughand-smooth-er-and-ribosomes/g6o9nhukrkhubs2e32i8fd6r
Golgi Body
Function
Part of sequence of how a protein leaves
cell
Modifies polypeptide chains into mature
proteins
Sorts and ships proteins and lipids for
secretion or for use inside the cell
Structure
 Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs
called cisternae
 Pancake-like structure
Location
Found in eukaryotic cells
 In plant, animal, fungi, and protistans cells
 Found near edge of cell membrane, yet
near rough ER
http://creationrevolution.com/2010/11/golg
i-apparatus-steel-industry-of-the-simplecell-–-part-6/
Analogy
 Mail room: you put the letter in an
envelope, put a stamp on it, then put it
in a mailbox, where it is sorted in a mail
room and categorized, then later sent
out to the person that is supposed to
receive it
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in
eukaryotes. It is connected to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum, which is connected to
the nucleus. It looks like small tubes near the
edge of the cell, and is found in both animal
and plant cells.
http://witkopsbiology.
weebly.com/uploads/5
/3/2/7/5327095/1805
707_orig.gif
http://im.glogster.com/media/2
/2/82/6/2820694.jpg
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids (oils,
phospholipids,
and steroids) in addition to
metabolizing carbohydrates,
regulating calcium
concentration,
and detoxifying drugs and poisons.
http://im.glogster.com/media/
2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg
http://diseasespictures.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/EndoplasmicReticulum-3.jpg
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is like a
mother. She goes through your room throwing
away all of the bad stuff you have, provides
you with sustenance, makes sure you drink
your milk, and makes sure you have the
energy to go outside and play.
http://im.glogster.com
http://www.facstaff.bucknell
.edu/kfield/organelles/organ
elleimages/smooth-er.gif
/media/2/2/82/6/282
0694.jpg
Chloroplasts
Function of Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts capture light energy and use it in
photosynthesis to make organic molecules and
separate oxygen from water and carbon
dioxide
• Only found in plants and other eukaryotic
organisms that perform photosynthesis
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/photosynth/photo1.gif
Structure
• Consists of stroma surrounded by an inner
and outer phospholipid membrane
• Stroma contain stacks of thylakoids, in which
photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoids
contain chlorophyll, giving the organelle its
distinct green color
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg
Location/Analogy
• Located throughout cells’ cytoplasm
• Is like a farm, in that it produces energy for the
cell from the perimeter as a farm produces food
and would be located outside of a city
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
http://philadelphia.foobooz.com/files/2012/08/farm1.jpg
Mitochondria
By: Alex Lee
Function
 Mitochondria’s main
function is to create
energy (ATP) required
for metabolism and
cellular respiration.
 Analogy: power plant
http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interact08.jsp
Structure
 Double membranes are
phospholipid bilayers
 The cristae are the folds of the
inner membrane that increase
cellular respiration
 The matrix is the fluid-filled
center where it holds its genetic
material
 mitochondria contain their own
genetic material and proteinmaking machinery enwrapped
in a double membrane
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html
Location
 Mitochondria are
found in eukaryotic
cells, meaning they are
found in both animal
and plant cells
 They are suspended in
the cell’s cytoplasm.
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01942/plcells/mitochondria.htm
Lysosomes
Brandon Harris
Function
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the digestion system for cell
contains enzymes to digest proteins,
carbohydrates
can digest other organelles or other cells
Structure
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Hydrogen ion ATPases protein make up
structure
surrounded by membrane
Expands and contracts (like stomach)
A type of vesicle
http://faculty.muhs.edu/klestinski/cellcity/lysosomedata_fil
es/image001.jpg
Location
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Found in Eukaryotic cells
most common in animal cells
rare but can exist in fungi, protistans, and
plant cells
usually near plasma membrane, can be
anywhere inside membrane excluding inside
nuclear envelope
lysosome position in
an animal cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/anim
al4.gif
Analogy
a fish eats other fish as well as food like
plankton
The fish is a lysosome organelle and the
second fish is another organelle or cell while
the plankton represents organic compounds
like simple sugars and proteins.
Bibliography
•
•
Textbook
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysoso
me.html
Vacuoles
ERIC PINSKER-SMITH
Function
 The job of the vacuole is to:
 Hold waste products and contaminants
 Hold water
 Give the cell structure
 Store nutrients
 Maintain interior acidic equilibrium (balance pH
values)
 Textbook 
Structure
 Vacuoles are large bubbles made of amino acids and
water that make up between 50% and 90% of the
cells size.
 Their composition is mostly empty space and water,
with amino acids forming the perimeter
http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/unitIII_mini/plant_turgor.html
Location
 They are in the center of the cell and will naturally be
oval-shaped, but other cell parts will change their
shape
 They are only found in both eukaryotic cells and
prokaryotic cells
 They are present in plant, animal, and bacteria cells,
but only some animal and bacteria cells, while they are
in all plant cells.
 Below Pictures from Wikipedia (2)
 http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cell-
organization/cytoplasm.php
 O
ANALOGY
 The vacuole is like a warehouse.
 This is because they are relatively big and their main
job is storing stuff.
References
 “Vacuoles." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15
Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>.
 Starr, and Staggart. Biology Textbook. 9th ed.
Chicago: Brooks, n.d. Print.
Cytoskeleton
Presentation by Stephanie Kim
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=j4TSTbf7EeG5M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bscb.org/%3Furl%3Dsoftcell/cytoskeleton&docid=8vE09i4OJwDOCM&imgurl=http://www.bscb.org/softcell/images/mp_tripple.gif&w
=512&h=512&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=252&sig=112931310087527836485&page=2&tbnh=141&tbnw=141&start=15&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0
Structure
-A cell's cytoskeleton is the scaffolding
contained within a cell's cytoplasm of
Eukaryotic cells.
-Connects to all major parts of the cell.
-Cytoskeleton is made up of polypeptide bonds
- Three components to the Cytoskeleton: the
Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, and
Microfilaments
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=4_K6QoIlf8jaM:&imgrefurl=http://ccaoscience.wordpress.com/notes/protein-structures-within-thecell/&docid=0w8MTyqQKYfdVM&imgurl=http://ccaoscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cytoskeleton.jpg&w=360&h=237&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iac
t=hc&vpx=412&vpy=158&dur=99&hovh=182&hovw=277&tx=181&ty=97&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:
0,i:77
Function
- The cytoskeleton helps develop and maintain
a cell's shape.
-Similarly to our skeletal structure it helps
keep all the organelles in place.
-Helps with cell movement.
-The cytoskeleton fibers also help transport
various organelles throughout the cell. They
act like railroad tracks within the cell.
Helpful Analogies
Cable Bridge- the large support beams hold the structure
up Microtubules and the cables help stabilize the
structure (Intermediate filaments, and Microfilaments)
- Also comparable to the human skeletal system.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system+for+kids&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=RumwAjrCbs2j5M:&imgrefurl=http://interestingfacts12.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html&do
cid=TR_Otu2mwsqtxM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_z5CDZfrG4k/TDX5sREZtHI/AAAAAAAAAkI/9TbYF4CAYko/s1600/human%252Bskeleton.gif&w=300&h=391&ei=vK19UISfJ6iw0QGs74HICg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=205&vpy=156&dur=2052&hovh=256&hovw=197&tx=108&ty=124&sig=112
931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=106&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:137
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cable+bridge&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=1akB1Fwj2qpT9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.tricitieshealthinsurance.com/&docid=kgCuIOThOUhJM&imgurl=http://tricitieshealthinsurance.com/img/pasco-kennewick-cable-bridge2.jpg&w=440&h=293&ei=EK59UPGIEOSQ0QGSnYH4Bw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=99&vpy=284&dur=1901&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=89&ty=126&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=193&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:42
References:
Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life
by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart
(Links for pictures can be found on
individual slides)
Flagella and Cilia
Nicholas Peretti
Function
1. Both Flagella and Cilia's function to advocate
for mobility/motility
2. Flagella move the entire cell
3. Cilia move the stuff surrounding the cell
4. Flagella
Cilia
http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s06/Lecnote/CytoskeletonA.htm
http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.html
Struction
Both cilia and flagella are made of the same
structure.
They have a 9 2,2 structure which means they
have a ring of nine outer microbiol tubes and
two inner tubes.
Flagella tend to be longer
then cilia, but cilia are
more profuse.
File:Axoneme.JPG and Figure 19.28 on page 819 of "Molecular Cell
Biology, 4th edition, Lodish and Berk" ISBN 0-7167-3706-X
Location
1. They are both in eukaryotes (animal cells
only)
2. In prokaryotes and protists they tend to have
cilia and not flagella.
3. the flagella is in the back of the cell and cilai
tend to cover the top.
4. Refer to Function slide for refrence
Analogy
Flagella is like the fish tail of a cell.
Cillia is like the arms of people at a concert.
Cell Membrane
 Function
 The cell membrane maintains the cell as
a distinct entity, allowing for metabolic
reactions within the cell to take place
without interference from outside
events.
 However, the cell membrane does not
completely isolate the cell. Substances
and signals are able to continually move
across it in a highly controlled way.
 Structure
 The cell membrane has the appearance
of a thin layer surrounding the cell. It is
made up of a lipid bilayer: two opposite
facing layers of lipids, usually
phospholipids, with the hydrophilic
glyceride head facing outwards or
towards the cell and the two
hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing
towards the other lipid layer.
 Between the lipid bilayer are diverse
proteins that are positioned at the
surface of one of the lipid layers. These
proteins carry out most of the
membrane functions.
http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter1.html
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/
 Location
 Cell membranes are found surrounding
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
though prokaryotic cell membranes can
vary and are less general than those of
eukaryotic cells.
 The cell membrane is the outermost
part of the entire cell, keeping the cell’s
contents within a defined space.
 The cell membrane is present in plant,
animal, and bacterial cells. However,
while the cell membrane is the only
means of protection for animal cells,
plant cells have cell walls, and bacterial
cells can have both cell walls and an
outer membrane.
 Analogy
 A cell membrane can be compared to
the border of a country. It keeps the rest
of the organelles (cities, etc…) separate
and within a defined entity, while
border patrol facing both directions
(lipid bilayer) decides what can enter
and what can exit.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/
http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-types-harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html
Reference Page
 Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart, Biology The Unity and
Diversity of Life, Chapter 4: “Cell Structure and Function”
 http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Gen
etic_Engineering_Chapter1.html
 http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/
 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/
 http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-types-
harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html
Function of Cell Wall
The cell wall provides protection and structural
support in plant and bacteria cells.
Structure of Cell Wall
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•
•
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Permeable to allow water and solutes to pass through
Middle Lamella-outermost layer, bonds with other cells
Primary Wall-made of gluey polysaccharides,
glycoproteins, and cellulose (in plants) and peptidoglycan
(in bacteria) which form into "rope-like strands" that are
sticky, and cement cells together, it's thin and pliable and
enlarges when water enters
Cuticle (a translucent, protective surface) forms when
cells are exposed to air, keeps water from escaping
Secondary Wall- rigid to reinforce cell shape
- in woody plants, made of lignin ( 3 carbon ring chain
and an oxygen atom attach to 6 carbon ring structure)
Location of Cell Wall
• Found in prokaryotes and some
•
•
eukaryotes
Wrapped around the plasma membrane
Found in plant and bacterial cells, NOT
animal cells
References
Starr, Cecie, and Ralph Taggart. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed.
USA: Thomson Learning, 2001. Print.
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cell-wall-layers.jpeg