2. CODOMINANCE, INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE AND MULTIPLE ALLELES Compiled by Siti Sarah Jumali Level 3 Room 14 Ext 2123 Lecture outline • • • • • • • • • • 2nd Topic – extention of Mendelian Genetics Codominance Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Lethal alleles Epistasis Polygenic inheritance Linked genes Crossover value and genes mapping Sex linked genes TWO ALLELES CODOMINANCE • Co- means together codominant means equal in dominance • alleles are approximately equal effect in individuals; alleles are equally detectable in individuals. • Phenotypes for both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote • The hybrid shows neither of the parents’ trait, instead, a third, different phenotype • Examples of this is blood types; ABO, iAiB. Pay attention on how to write codominance; Writing it is with superscript example Calico cat Unlike Law of Segregation.. • Using the calico cat as example, The genotype for fur can be represented as CB or CO. • CB is for black color and • CO denotes orange color • Therefore the codominance is written as • CBCB x COCO 100% CBCO Common situation of Codominance • Common phenotype used is roan fur in cattle • Cattle can either be all red RR; all white WW or; Roan RW Roan cattle Other example • Human blood type AB – Two types of protein A and B appear together on the surface of blood cells Question: • What is the probability of a child having type AB blood if one of the parents is heterozygous for A blood and the other is heterozygous for B blood? • What other genotypes are possible for children of these parents? INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE • A form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. • The heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote • This results in a combined phenotype. Pink Snapdragon Rosendahl Example • In cross-pollination experiments between red and white snapdragon plants, the resulting offspring are pink. • The dominant allele that produces the red color is not completely expressed over the recessive allele that produces the white color. Incomplete dominance eg • Crossing of organisms that has two different phenotypes produces offspring with another different phenotype which is a blend of the parental traits • Examples?????? Snakes Test cross for Incomplete dominance Punnet Square for Incomplete dominance Try this • 1. Predict the phenotypic ratios of offspring when a homozygous white cow is crossed with a roan bull. • 2. What should the genotypes & phenotypes for parent cattle be if a farmer only wanted a cattle with white fur • 3. A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces a tabby pattern (black and tan fur together)? – A) What pattern of inheritance is this? – B) What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby cat is crossed with a black cat? THREE ALLELES MULTIPLE ALLELES • • • • • • More than three alleles Many genes have multiple alleles Three or more different alleles Exclude dominant and recessive effects All alleles show its own effects in inheritance Examples: Blood type, hair color Multiple alleles cont’d • Multiple alleles - gene has several allelic forms – Example: blood type is determined by multiple alleles • IA = A antigen on red blood cells • IB = B antigen on red blood cells • i = Neither A nor B antigen on red blood cells – Possible phenotypes and genotypes for blood type: • This is an example of codominance because both IA and IB are fully expressed Several genes and the environment can influence a single multifactorial characteristic • Polygenic inheritance occurs when a trait is governed by two or more genes – Multifactorial traits - controlled by polygenes subject to environmental influences 9-24 Polygenic inheritance: Dark dots stand for dominant alleles; the shading stands for environmental influences 9-25 Iris color The Human Blood Skin color • An interesting example is coat color in rabbits – Four different alleles • C (full coat color) • cch (chinchilla pattern of coat color) – Partial defect in pigmentation • ch (himalayan pattern of coat color) – Pigmentation in only certain parts of the body • c (albino) – Lack of pigmentation – The dominance hierarchy is as follows: • C > cch > ch > c – Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between phenotype and genotype Phenotype • Agouti (wild type) • Chinchilla (mutant) • Himalayan(mutant) • Light grey • Albino (mutant) FIGURE 4 Genotype c+c+, c+cch, c+ch, c+c cchcch chch,chc cchch, cchc cc Why is that? • Caused by tyrosinase; producing melanin • Two types of melanin: eumelanin (black pigment) and phaeomelanin (orange/yellow pigment) • The himalayan pattern of coat color is an example of a temperature-sensitive conditional allele – The enzyme encoded by this gene is functional only at low temperatures • Therefore, dark fur will only occur in cooler areas of the body • This is also the case in the Siamese pattern of coat color in cats