The fifth force and constraints
on its constants
V. M. MOSTEPANENKO
V. M. MOSTEPANENKO
V. M. MOSTEPANENKO
Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Constraints on constants of power-type potentials
3. Constraints on constants of Yukawa-type potentials
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Experiments of Eotvos-type
Experiments of Cavendish-type
Measurements of the Casimir force
Atomic and neutron physics
4. Constraints on constants of spin-dependent potentials
5. Conclusions and discussion
1. INTRODUCTION
Yukawa-type corrections to Newton’s law:
Power-type corrections to Newton’s law:
Yukawa-type potentials originate from:
1) Exchange of light elementary particles, such as:
-----------
scalar axion;
graviphoton;
dilaton;
goldstino;
moduli.
These particles may contribute to the dark matter.
2) Extra-dimensional theories with low-energy compactification scale
cm
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali, Phys. Rev. D, 1999
Power-type potentials originate from:
1) Exchange of massless elementary particles
such as arion
2) Extra-dimensional models with noncompact
but warped extra dimensions
Randall and Sundrum, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1999
2. CONSTRAINTS ON CONSTANTS OF
POWER-TYPE POTENTIALS
3. CONSTRAINTS ON CONSTANTS OF
YUKAWA-TYPE POTENTIALS
The Yukawa-type force between two macrobodies
3.1 Experiments of Eotvos-type
А) torsion pendulum:
PU64 --- Принстон, 1964;
MSU72 --- МГУ, 1971, 1972;
EW94 --- Вашингтон 1994;
EW99 --- Вашингтон, 1999;
EW08 --- Вашингтон, 2008;
В) LLR04 --- Lunar Laser Ranging, 2004.
Gundlach et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2009
3.2 Experiments of Cavendish-type
A) LAGEOS --- 2003
(Laser Geodynamic Satellite)
В) LLR--- Lunar Laser Ranging, 2004.
Adelberger et al., Progr. Part. Nucl. Phys., 2009
(Laser Geodynamic Satellites:
Lucchesi, Peron, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010)
(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment:
Haranas, Ragos, Astrophys. Space Sci., 2011)
Eot-Wash ---2004
Irvine --- 2007
Wuhan --- 1980
Colorado --- 1985
Stanford --- 2003
Adelberger et al., Progr. Part. Nucl. Phys., 2009
Yang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012
3.3 Measurements of the Casimir force
Measured quantities are the Casimir force or its gradient:
Obtaining constraints on Yukawa forces:
The strongest constraints on
constants of Yukawa-type
corrections to Newton's
gravitational law
obtained from measurement of the
Casimir force using an atomic force
microscope (red line),
from measurement of the Casimir
pressure by means of micromachined
oscillator (green line),
from the Casimir-less experiment
(blue line),
from the torsion pendulum experiment
of 1997 (grey line) and from the
torsion balance experiment 2009
(black line).
Constraints on constants
of Yukawa-type interaction
which are obtained from the
experiments performed
by means of a micromechanical
torsional oscillator with a
corrugated Si plate (pink line) and
with a flat Au-coated plate (green
line), from the Casimir-less
experiment (blue line), and from
the experiments using a torsion
pendulum (grey and black lines).
Bezerra, Klimchitskaya, Mostepanenko, Romero, Phys. Rev. D, 2011
Constraints on constants
of Yukawa-type interaction
from measurements of the lateral
Casimir force between corrugated
surfaces (red line),
from measurements of the
normal Casimir force by means
of an atomic force microscope
(red dashed line),
and a micromachined oscillator
(green line).
Bezerra, Klimchitskaya, Mostepanenko, Romero, Phys. Rev. D, 2010
Constraints obtained from
measurements of the Casimir
force gradient using the dynamic
AFM with the
Au-Au (solid line),
Au-Ni (dashed line) and
Ni-Ni (dotted line)
sphere and plate.
Banishev, Klimchitskaya, Mostepanenko, Mohideen, Phys. Rev. B, 2012;
Phys. Rev. B, 2013; Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013
Klimchitskaya, Mohideen, Mostepanenko, Phys. Rev. D, 2012;
Phys. Rev. D, 2013
Constraints are obtained from
measuring:
the Casimir force between
corrugated surfaces of a sphere
and a plate (solid line),
lateral Casimir force (dashed
line 1) and effective Casimir
pressure between Au-coated
test bodies (dashed line 2).
Banishev, Wagner, Emig, Zandi, Mohideen, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013
Klimchitskaya, Mohideen, Mostepanenko, Phys. Rev. D, 2013
3.4 Atomic and neutron physics
The best constraints on the Yukawa-type potentials
with the interaction range
Antoniadis et al., Compt. Rend. Phys., 2011
Karshenboim, Phys. Rev. D, 2010; Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010
Constraints on constants
of Yukawa-type interactions
are obtained from:
- gravitational experiments
(lines 1, 2 );
- measurements of the Casimir
force (lines 3, 4, 12, 13, 14);
- neutron physics
(lines 5, 6, 7);
- exotic atoms
(line 8);
- search for solar bosons of
low mass (line 15).
Lines 9, 10, 11 --- expected strengthening of constraints from different
experiments with neutrons.
Antoniadis et al., Compt. Rend. Phys., 2011
4. CONSTRAINTS ON CONSTANTS OF
SPIN-DEPENDENT POTENTIALS
Exchange by an axion between a polarized and an unpolarized
fermions:
Exchange by a vector boson between two polarized fermions:
Dobrescu, Mocioiu, JHEP, 2006
Constraints on constants of
spin-dependent Yukawa-type
corrections to Newton's law are
obtained when investigating the
following interactions:
-polarized electron beam near an
unpolarized torsion pendulum
(line 1);
- rotation of a magnetized metal
plate near 3 unpolarized test
masses (line 2);
- magnetization of a paramagnetic
salt under the rotation of a
nonmagnetic copper body around
it (line 3).
Antoniadis et al., Compt. Rend. Phys., 2011
The globe as a soarce of polarized electrons
Hunter, Gordon, Peck, Ang, Lin, Science, 2013
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. The Newton law of gravitation is still not verified experimentally
with sufficient precision at short separations, where both the
Yukawa- and power-type corrections to it are allowed which
exceed Newtonian gravity by many orders of magnitude.
2. Many different phenomena in the fields of gravitation, Casimir
effect, neutron physics and atomic spectroscopy give the
possibility to obtain the stronger constraints.
3. Experiments on measuring the Casimir force lead to stronger
constraints on the Yukawa-type corrections to Newton's law
in the interaction range below a few micrometers where
the gravitational experiments do not work.
4. From precise measurements of the lateral Casimir force the
previously known constraints were strengthened up to a
factor of twenty four millions.
5. In near future further strengthening of constraints on both
spin-independent and spin-dependent corrections is expected.