Smart City
planning far energy, transportation
an d sustainability of the urban system
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
SMART CITY
PLANNING FOR ENERGY, TRANSPORTATION AND
SUSTAINABILITY OF THE URBAN SYSTEM
Special Issue, June 2014
Published by
Laboratory of Land Use Mobility and Environment
DICEA - Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
University of Naples "Federico II"
TeMA is realised by CAB - Center for Libraries at “Federico II” University of Naples using Open Journal System
Editor-in-chief: Rocco Papa
print ISSN 1970-9889 | on line ISSN 1970-9870
Lycence: Cancelleria del Tribunale di Napoli, n° 6 of 29/01/2008
Editorial correspondence
Laboratory of Land Use Mobility and Environment
DICEA - Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
University of Naples "Federico II"
Piazzale Tecchio, 80
80125 Naples
web: www.tema.unina.it
e-mail: redazione.tema@unina.it
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment offers researches, applications and contributions with a unified approach to planning
and mobility and publishes original inter-disciplinary papers on the interaction of transport, land use and environment. Domains include
engineering, planning, modeling, behavior, economics, geography, regional science, sociology, architecture and design, network science,
and complex systems.
The Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR) classified TeMA as scientific journals in the
Areas 08. TeMA has also received the Sparc Europe Seal for Open Access Journals released by Scholarly Publishing and Academic
Resources Coalition (SPARC Europe) and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). TeMA is published under a Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 License and is blind peer reviewed at least by two referees selected among high-profile scientists by their competences.
TeMA has been published since 2007 and is indexed in the main bibliographical databases and it is present in the catalogues of hundreds
of academic and research libraries worldwide.
EDITOR - IN - CHIEF
Rocco Papa, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
E DITORIAL A DVISORY B OARD
Luca Bertolini, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands
Virgilio Bettini, Università Iuav di Venezia, Italy
Dino Borri, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Enrique Calderon, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Roberto Camagni, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Robert Leonardi, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
Raffaella Nanetti, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, United States
Agostino Nuzzolo, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
Rocco Papa, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
E DITORS
Agostino Nuzzolo, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
Enrique Calderon, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Luca Bertolini, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands
Romano Fistola, Dept. of Engineering - University of Sannio - Italy, Italy
Adriana Galderisi, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
Carmela Gargiulo, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
Giuseppe Mazzeo, CNR - Istituto per gli Studi sulle Società del Mediterraneo, Italy
E DITORIAL SECRETARY
Rosaria Battarra, CNR - Istituto per gli Studi sulle Società del Mediterraneo, Italy
Andrea Ceudech, TeMALab, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
Rosa Anna La Rocca, TeMALab, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
Enrica Papa, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
This special issue of TeMA collects the papers presented at the 8th International Conference
INPUT 2014 which will take place in Naples from 4th to 6th June. The Conference focuses on one
of the central topics within the urban studies debate and combines, in a new perspective,
researches concerning the relationship between innovation and management of city changing.
C ONFERENCE C OMMITTEE
Dino Borri, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Arnaldo Cecchini, University of Sassari, Italy
Romano Fistola, University of Sannio, Italy
Lilli Gargiulo, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Giuseppe B. Las Casas, University of Basilicata, Italy
Agostino Nuzzolo, University of Rome, Italy
Rocco Papa, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Giovanni Rabino, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Maurizio Tira, University of Brescia, Italy
Corrado Zoppi, University of Cagliari, Italy
S CIENTIFIC C OMMITTEE
Emanuela Abis, University of Cagliari, Italy
Nicola Bellini, Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
Mariolina Besio Dominici, University of Genoa, Italy
Ivan Blecic, University of Sassari, Italy
Dino Borri, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Grazia Brunetta, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Roberto Busi, University of Brescia, Italy
Domenico Camarda, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Michele Campagna, University of Cagliari, Italy
Arnaldo Cecchini, University of Sassari, Italy
Donatella Cialdea, University of Molise, Italy
Valerio Cutini, University of Pisa, Italy, Italy
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Andrea De Montis, University of Sassari, Italy
Filippo de Rossi, University of Sannio (Dean of the University of Sannio), Italy
Lidia Diappi, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Isidoro Fasolino, University of Salerno, Italy
Mariano Gallo, University of Sannio, Italy
Lilli Gargiulo, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Roberto Gerundo, University of Salerno, Italy
Paolo La Greca, University of Catania, Italy
Giuseppe B. Las Casas, University of Basilicata, Italy
Robert Laurini, University of Lyon, France
Antonio Leone, Tuscia University, Italy
Anna Loffredo,Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
Silvana Lombardo, University of Pisa, Italy
Giovanni Maciocco, University of Sassari, Italy
Giulio Maternini, University of Brescia, Italy
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
Francesco Domenico Moccia, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Bruno Montella, University of Naples “Federico II” (Director of DICEA), Italy
Beniamino Murgante, University of Basilicata, Italy
Agostino Nuzzolo, University of Rome, Italy
Sylvie Occelli, IRES Turin, Italy
Rocco Papa, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Maria Paradiso, University of Sannio, Italy
Domenico Patassini, IUAV, Venice, Italy
Michele Pezzagno, University of Brescia, Italy
Fulvia Pinto, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Giovanni Rabino, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
Giuseppe Roccasalva, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Bernardino Romano, University of L’Aquila, Italy
Francesco Russo, Mediterranean University Reggio Calabria, Italy
Michelangelo Russo, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Ferdinando Semboloni, University of Firenze, Italy
Agata Spaziante, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Michela Tiboni, University of Brescia, Italy
Maurizio Tira, University of Brescia, Italy
Simona Tondelli, University of Bologna, Italy
Umberto Villano,University of Sannio (Director of DING), Italy
Ignazio Vinci, University of Palermo, Italy
Corrado Zoppi, University of Cagliari, Italy
L OCAL S CIENTIFIC C OMMITTEE
Rosaria Battarra, ISSM, National Research Council, Italy
Romano Fistola, DING, University of Sannio, Italy
Lilli Gargiulo, DICEA, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Adriana Galderisi, DICEA, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Rosa Anna La Rocca, DICEA, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Giuseppe Mazzeo, ISSM, National Research Council, Italy
Enrica Papa, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
L OCAL A DMINISTRATIVE T EAM
Gennaro Angiello, TeMA Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Gerardo Carpentieri, TeMA Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Stefano Franco, TeMA Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Laura Russo, TeMA Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Floriana Zucaro, TeMA Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE INPUT 2014
SMART CITY. PLANNING FOR ENERGY, TRANSPORTATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE
URBAN SYSTEM
This special issue of TeMA collects the papers presented at the Eighth International Conference INPUT, 2014,
titled "Smart City. Planning for energy, transportation and sustainability of the urban system" that takes place in
Naples from 4 to 6 of June 2014.
INPUT (Innovation in Urban Planning and Territorial) consists of an informal group/network of academic
researchers Italians and foreigners working in several areas related to urban and territorial planning. Starting
from the first conference, held in Venice in 1999, INPUT has represented an opportunity to reflect on the use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as key planning support tools. The theme of the eighth
conference focuses on one of the most topical debate of urban studies that combines , in a new perspective,
researches concerning the relationship between innovation (technological, methodological, of process etc..) and
the management of the changes of the city. The Smart City is also currently the most investigated subject by
TeMA that with this number is intended to provide a broad overview of the research activities currently in place
in Italy and a number of European countries. Naples, with its tradition of studies in this particular research field,
represents the best place to review progress on what is being done and try to identify some structural elements
of a planning approach.
Furthermore the conference has represented the ideal space of mind comparison and ideas exchanging about a
number of topics like: planning support systems, models to geo-design, qualitative cognitive models and formal
ontologies, smart mobility and urban transport, Visualization and spatial perception in urban planning innovative
processes for urban regeneration, smart city and smart citizen, the Smart Energy Master project, urban entropy
and evaluation in urban planning, etc..
The conference INPUT Naples 2014 were sent 84 papers, through a computerized procedure using the website
www.input2014.it . The papers were subjected to a series of monitoring and control operations. The first
fundamental phase saw the submission of the papers to reviewers. To enable a blind procedure the papers have
been checked in advance, in order to eliminate any reference to the authors. The review was carried out on a
form set up by the local scientific committee. The review forms received were sent to the authors who have
adapted the papers, in a more or less extensive way, on the base of the received comments. At this point (third
stage), the new version of the paper was subjected to control for to standardize the content to the layout required
for the publication within TeMA. In parallel, the Local Scientific Committee, along with the Editorial Board of the
magazine, has provided to the technical operation on the site TeMA (insertion of data for the indexing and
insertion of pdf version of the papers). In the light of the time’s shortness and of the high number of contributions
the Local Scientific Committee decided to publish the papers by applying some simplifies compared with the
normal procedures used by TeMA. Specifically:
−
Each paper was equipped with cover, TeMA Editorial Advisory Board, INPUT Scientific Committee,
introductory page of INPUT 2014 and summary;
−
Summary and sorting of the papers are in alphabetical order, based on the surname of the first author;
−
Each paper is indexed with own DOI codex which can be found in the electronic version on TeMA website
(www.tema.unina.it). The codex is not present on the pdf version of the papers. TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
SMART CITY
PLANNING FOR ENERGY, TRANSPORTATION AND
SUSTAINABILITY OF THE URBAN SYSTEM
Special Issue, June 2014
Contents
1. The Plan in Addressing the Post Shock Conflicts 2009-2014.
A First Balance Sheet of the Reconstruction of L’Aquila
1-13
Fabio Andreassi, Pierluigi Properzi
2. Assessment on the Expansion of Basic Sanitation Infrastructure.
In the Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte - 2000/2010
15-26
3. Temporary Dwelling of Social Housing in Turin.
New Responses to Housing Discomfort
27-37
4. Smart Communities. Social Innovation at the Service of the Smart Cities
39-51
5. Online Citizen Reporting on Urban Maintenance:
A Collection, Evaluation and Decision Support System
53-63
6. Walkability Explorer. An Evaluation and Design Support Tool for Walkability
65-76
7. Diachronic Analysis of Parking Usage: The Case Study of Brescia
77-85
Grazielle Anjos Carvalho
Giulia Baù, Luisa Ingaramo
Massimiliano Bencardino, Ilaria Greco
Ivan Blečić, Dario Canu, Arnaldo Cecchini, Giuseppe Andrea Trunfio
Ivan Blečić, Arnaldo Cecchini, Tanja Congiu, Giovanna Fancello, Giuseppe Andrea Trunfio
Riccardo Bonotti, Silvia Rossetti, Michela Tiboni, Maurizio Tira
8. Crowdsourcing. A Citizen Participation Challenge
87-96
Júnia Borges, Camila Zyngier
9. Spatial Perception and Cognition Review.
Considering Geotechnologies as Urban Planning Strategy
97-108
Júnia Borges, Camila Zyngier, Karen Lourenço, Jonatha Santos
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
10. Dilemmas in the Analysis of Technological Change. A Cognitive Approach
to Understand Innovation and Change in the Water Sector
109-127
11. Learning and Sharing Technology in Informal Contexts.
A Multiagent-Based Ontological Approach
129-140
Dino Borri, Laura Grassini
Dino Borri, Domenico Camarda, Laura Grassini, Mauro Patano
12. Smartness and Italian Cities. A Cluster Analysis
141-152
13. Beyond Defining the Smart City.
Meeting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in the Middle
153-164
Flavio Boscacci, Ila Maltese, Ilaria Mariotti
Jonas Breuer, Nils Walravens, Pieter Ballon
14. Resilience Through Ecological Network
165-173
Grazia Brunetta, Angioletta Voghera
15. ITS System to Manage Parking Supply:
Considerations on Application to the “Ring” in the City of Brescia
175-186
Susanna Bulferetti, Francesca Ferrari, Stefano Riccardi
16. Formal Ontologies and Uncertainty. In Geographical Knowledge
187-198
Matteo Caglioni, Giovanni Fusco
17. Geodesign From Theory to Practice:
In the Search for Geodesign Principles in Italian Planning Regulations
199-210
Michele Campagna, Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare
18. Geodesign from Theory to Practice:
From Metaplanning to 2nd Generation of Planning Support Systems
211-221
19. The Energy Networks Landscape.
Impacts on Rural Land in the Molise Region
223-234
20. Marginality Phenomena and New Uses on the Agricultural Land.
Diachronic and Spatial Analyses of the Molise Coastal Area
235-245
Michele Campagna
Donatella Cialdea, Alessandra Maccarone
Donatella Cialdea, Luigi Mastronardi
21. Spatial Analysis of Urban Squares. ‘Siccome Umbellico al corpo dell’uomo’
Valerio Cutini
247-258
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
22. Co-Creative, Re-Generative Smart Cities.
Smart Cities and Planning in a Living Lab Perspective 2
259-270
23. The Model of Voronoi's Polygons and Density:
Diagnosis of Spatial Distribution of Education Services of EJA
in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
271-283
24. Rural Architectural Intensification: A Multidisciplinar Planning Tool
285-295
25. Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks.
Part A. A Rural System in Nuoro, Sardinia
297-307
Luciano De Bonis, Grazia Concilio, Eugenio Leanza, Jesse Marsh, Ferdinando Trapani
Diogo De Castro Guadalupe, Ana Clara Mourão Moura
Roberto De Lotto, Tiziano Cattaneo, Cecilia Morelli Di Popolo, Sara Morettini,
Susanna Sturla, Elisabetta Venco
Andrea De Montis, Maria Antonietta Bardi, Amedeo Ganciu, Antonio Ledda,
Simone Caschili, Maurizio Mulas, Leonarda Dessena, Giuseppe Modica,
Luigi Laudari, Carmelo Riccardo Fichera
26. Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks.
Part B. A Rural System in Nuoro, Sardinia
309-320
27. Sea Guidelines. A Comparative Analysis: First Outcomes
321-330
28. Energy And Environment in Urban Regeneration.
Studies for a Method of Analysis of Urban Periphery
331-339
29. Achieving Smart Energy Planning Objectives.
The Approach of the Transform Project
341-351
Andrea De Montis, Maria Antonietta Bardi, Amedeo Ganciu, Antonio Ledda,
Simone Caschili, Maurizio Mulas, Leonarda Dessena, Giuseppe Modica,
Luigi Laudari, Carmelo Riccardo Fichera
Andrea De Montis, Antonio Ledda, Simone Caschili, Amedeo Ganciu, Mario Barra,
Gianluca Cocco, Agnese Marcus
Paolo De Pascali, Valentina Alberti, Daniela De Ioris, Michele Reginaldi
Ilaria Delponte
30. From a Smart City to a Smart Up-Country.
The New City-Territory of L’Aquila
353-364
Donato Di Ludovico, Pierluigi Properzi, Fabio Graziosi
31. Geovisualization Tool on Urban Quality.
Interactive Tool for Urban Planning
Enrico Eynard, Marco Santangelo, Matteo Tabasso
365-375
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
32. Visual Impact in the Urban Environment.
The Case of Out-of-Scale Buildings
377-388
33. Smart Dialogue for Smart Citizens:
Assertive Approaches for Strategic Planning
389-401
Enrico Fabrizio, Gabriele Garnero
Isidoro Fasolino, Maria Veronica Izzo
34. Digital Social Networks and Urban Spaces
403-415
35. Social Media Geographic Information in Tourism Planning
417-430
36. Re-Use/Re-Cycle Territories:
A Retroactive Conceptualisation for East Naples
431-440
37. Urban Land Uses and Smart Mobility
441-452
38. The Design of Signalised Intersections at Area Level.
Models and Methods
453-464
39. Piano dei Servizi. Proposal for Contents and Guidelines
465-476
40. Social Housing in Urban Regeneration.
Regeneration Heritage Existing Building: Methods and Strategies
477-486
Pablo Vieira Florentino, Maria Célia Furtado Rocha, Gilberto Corso Pereira
Roberta Floris, Michele Campagna
Enrico Formato, Michelangelo Russo
Mauro Francini, Annunziata Palermo, Maria Francesca Viapiana
Mariano Gallo, Giuseppina De Luca, Luca D’acierno
Roberto Gerundo, Gabriella Graziuso
Maria Antonia Giannino, Ferdinando Orabona
41. Using GIS to Record and Analyse Historical Urban Areas
487-497
42. Network Screening for Smarter Road Sites: A Regional Case
499-509
Maria Giannopoulou, Athanasios P. Vavatsikos,
Konstantinos Lykostratis, Anastasia Roukouni
Attila Grieco, Chiara Montaldo, Sylvie Occelli, Silvia Tarditi
43. Li-Fi for a Digital Urban Infrastructure:
A Novel Technology for the Smart City
511-522
Corrado Iannucci, Fabrizio Pini
44. Open Spaces and Urban Ecosystem Services.
Cooling Effect towards Urban Planning in South American Cities
Luis Inostroza
523-534
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
45. From RLP to SLP: Two Different Approaches to Landscape Planning
535-543
Federica Isola, Cheti Pira
46. Revitalization and its Impact on Public.
Space Organization A Case Study of Manchester in UK,
Lyon in France and Łódź in Poland
545-556
Jarosław Kazimierczak
47. Geodesign for Urban Ecosystem Services
557-565
48. An Ontology of Implementation Plans of Historic Centers:
A Case Study Concerning Sardinia, Italy
567-579
Daniele La Rosa
Sabrina Lai, Corrado Zoppi
49. Open Data for Territorial Specialization Assessment.
Territorial Specialization in Attracting Local Development Funds:
an Assessment. Procedure Based on Open Data and Open Tools
581-595
Giuseppe Las Casas, Silvana Lombardo, Beniamino Murgante,
Piergiuseppe Pontrandolfi, Francesco Scorza
50. Sustainability And Planning.
Thinking and Acting According to Thermodinamics Laws
597-606
51. Strategic Planning of Municipal Historic Centers.
A Case Study Concerning Sardinia, Italy
607-619
Antonio Leone, Federica Gobattoni, Raffaele Pelorosso
Federica Leone, Corrado Zoppi
52. A GIS Approach to Supporting Nightlife Impact Management:
The Case of Milan
621-632
Giorgio Limonta
53. Dealing with Resilience Conceptualisation. Formal Ontologies as a Tool
for Implementation of Intelligent Geographic Information Systems
633-644
54. Social Media Geographic Information:
Recent Findings and Opportunities for Smart Spatial Planning
645-658
55. Zero Emission Mobility Systems in Cities.
Inductive Recharge System Planning in Urban Areas
659-669
Giampiero Lombardini
Pierangelo Massa, Michele Campagna
Giulio Maternini, Stefano Riccardi, Margherita Cadei
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
56. Urban Labelling: Resilience and Vulnerability
as Key Concepts for a Sustainable Planning
671-682
57. Defining Smart City.
A Conceptual Framework Based on Keyword Analysis
683-694
Giuseppe Mazzeo
Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Daniele Vettorato
58. Parametric Modeling of Urban Landscape:
Decoding the Brasilia of Lucio Costa from Modernism to Present Days
695-708
59. Smart Mediterranean Logics. Old-New Dimensions and
Transformations of Territories and Cites-Ports in Mediterranean
709-718
60. Mapping Smart Regions. An Exploratory Approach
719-728
61. Planning Un-Sustainable Development of Mezzogiorno.
Methods and Strategies for Planning Human Sustainable Development
729-736
62. The Factors Influencing Transport Energy Consumption
in Urban Areas: a Review
737-747
Ana Clara Moura, Suellen Ribeiro, Isadora Correa, Bruno Braga
Emanuela Nan
Sylvie Occelli, Alessandro Sciullo
Ferdinando Orabona, Maria Antonia Giannino
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Gennaro Angiello
63. Integrated Urban System and Energy Consumption Model:
Residential Buildings
749-758
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Gerardo Carpentieri
64. Integrated Urban System and Energy Consumption Model:
Public and Singular Buildings
759-770
65. Urban Smartness Vs Urban Competitiveness:
A Comparison of Italian Cities Rankings
771-782
66. Urban Systems and Energy Consumptions: A Critical Approach
783-792
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Mario Cristiano
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Stefano Franco, Laura Russo
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Floriana Zucaro
67. Climate Change and Energy Sustainability.
Which Innovations in European Strategies and Plans
Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo, Floriana Zucaro
793-804
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
68. Bio-Energy Connectivity And Ecosystem Services.
An Assessment by Pandora 3.0 Model for Land Use Decision Making
805-816
69. Entropy and the City. GHG Emissions Inventory:
a Common Baseline for the Design of Urban and Industrial Ecologies
817-828
70. Urban Planning and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
829-840
71. Urban Gaming Simulation for Enhancing Disaster Resilience.
A Social Learning Tool for Modern Disaster Risk Management
841-851
72. Visualisation as a Model. Overview on Communication Techniques
in Transport and Urban Planning
853-862
Raffaele Pelorosso, Federica Gobattoni, Francesco Geri,
Roberto Monaco, Antonio Leone
Michele Pezzagno, Marco Rosini
Fulvia Pinto
Sarunwit Promsaka Na Sakonnakron, Pongpisit Huyakorn, Paola Rizzi
Giovanni Rabino, Elena Masala
73. Ontologies and Methods of Qualitative Research in Urban Planning
863-869
74. City/Sea Searching for a New Connection.
Regeneration Proposal for Naples Waterfront Like an Harbourscape:
Comparing Three Case Studies
871-882
75. Sensitivity Assessment. Localization of Road Transport Infrastructures
in the Province of Lucca
883-895
Giovanni Rabino
Michelangelo Russo, Enrico Formato
Luisa Santini, Serena Pecori
76. Creating Smart Urban Landscapes.
A Multimedia Platform for Placemaking
897-907
Marichela Sepe
77. Virtual Power Plant. Environmental Technology Management Tools
of The Settlement Processes
909-920
78. Ecosystem Services and Border Regions.
Case Study from Czech – Polish Borderland
921-932
79. The Creative Side of the Reflective Planner. Updating the Schön’s Findings
933-940
Maurizio Sibilla
Marcin Spyra
Maria Rosaria Stufano Melone, Giovanni Rabino
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and
Environment
80. Achieving People Friendly Accessibility.
Key Concepts and a Case Study Overview
941-951
81. Planning Pharmacies: An Operational Method to Find the Best Location
953-963
82. Transportation Infrastructure Impacts Evaluation:
The Case of Egnatia Motorway in Greece
965-975
83. Designing Mobility in a City in Transition.
Challenges from the Case of Palermo
977-988
Michela Tiboni, Silvia Rossetti
Simona Tondelli, Stefano Fatone
Athanasios P. Vavatsikos, Maria Giannopoulou
Ignazio Vinci, Salvatore Di Dio
84. Considerations on the Use of Visual Tools in Planning Processes:
A Brazilian Experience
Camila Zyngier, Stefano Pensa, Elena Masala
989-998
TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
TeMA
Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and Environment TeMA INPUT 2014
Print ISSN 1970-9889, e- ISSN 1970-9870
SPECIAL ISSUE
DOI available on the on-line version
Eighth International Conference INPUT
Smart City - Planning for Energy, Transportation and Sustainability
of the Urban System
Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution
Non Commercial License 3.0
www.tema.unina.it
Naples, 4-6 June 2014
BIO-ENERGY CONNECTIVITY
AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
AN ASSESSMENT BY PANDORA 3.0 MODEL FOR LAND USE
DECISION MAKING
RAFFAELE PELOROSSOa, FEDERICA GOBATTONIa, FRANCESCO GERIa, ROBERTO MONACOb, ANTONIO LEONEa
a DAFNE Department, Tuscia University, Italy
e-mail: pelorosso@unitus.it; f.gobattoni@unitus.it;
geri.francesco@gmail.com; leone@unitus.it
b DIST, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
e-mail: roberto.monaco@polito.it
ABSTRACT
Landscape connectivity is one of the major issues related to biodiversity conservation and to the delivery of Ecosystem Services
(ES). Several models were developed to assess landscape connectivity but lack of data and mismatching scale of analysis often
represent insurmountable constraints for the correct evaluation and integration of ecological connectivity into plans and
assessment procedures. In this paper a procedure for ES assessment related with Habitat and Bio-Energy Landscape Connectivity
(BELC) is proposed. The method is based on the connectivity measure furnished by the last version of PANDORA model and uses
a modified formulation of current ES evaluation. The implementation of the model in a real case has highlighted its potential
multi-scale workability. The spatial approach of the model aims at furnishing a further tool for the spread of ES and landscape
ecology concepts into procedures of assessment (e.g. EIA, SEA) and land use planning at different administrative scales.
KEYWORDS
Landscape connectivity, Urban planning , Environmental Assessment, Environmental modeling
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
1
INTRODUCTION
As reported in the Charter of European Planning (ECPT- CEU 2013), a sustainable development requires the
maintainance, enhancement and creation of natural resources that are within towns and cities or that
provide services for them including the protection of cities from pollution and degradation, high levels of
efficiency in energy production and the wise use of resources (e.g. water, air, soil).
Indeed, every land use change can induce either negative consequences or positive repercussions. Man,
more than other living species, plays a fundamental role in the global health of the environment as his ability
to strongly modify the landscape structure, and consequently its functionality, to reach his objectives.
Examples of this capacity are the huge land cover and land use changes realized, above all in these last
centuries (Foley et al., 2005; Pelorosso, Leone, & Boccia, 2009) thanks to the technology advances and the
use of stoked carbon fossil sources of energy, to acquire even more goods and services from ecosystems
and landscapes, generally named Ecosystem Services (ES) (Hermann, Schleifer, & Wrbka, 2011;
Termorshuizen & Opdam, 2009). Among these ESs we can find provisioning services such as food, wood and
water, as well as energy used by citizen and urban systems, or cultural services such as social, recreational,
and touristic benefits. However, the exploitation of natural resources affects the delivery of other ESs as
regulating services, such as flood and CO2 control, or supporting services, such as oxygen production, that
maintain the conditions for life on Earth (MEA, 2003). In particular, urbanized areas seal soils determining
several environmental consequences, e.g.: increasing of water runoff and relative pollutants transport,
deterioration of ecosystems functionality, rising of green house gases, fragmentation of habitats and
biodiversity reduction. These impacts and consequences can be assessed in the ES framework since it can
provide “a new way to approach environmental management and to connect nature and society in research
and appraisals” (Karjalainen, Marttunen, Sarkki, & Rytkönen, 2013). Indeed, policies and plans are gradually
directed to supply and reinforce desired ecosystem/landscape services (Gulickx, Verburg, Stoorvogel, Kok, &
Veldkamp, 2013).
Ecological landscape connectivity is an important issue often erroneously considered only in extra urban
or/and protected areas planning context (Pelorosso, Gobattoni, Lauro, Monaco, & Leone, 2012). Landscape
connectivity can be defined as the ability of landscape to facilitate or impede movement among habitat
patches, support fluxes of energy, organisms and materials (e.g seeds, biomass, pollen, nutrients,
sediments) and long-term persistence of biodiversity (Foltête, Clauzel, & Vuidel, 2012; Ng, Xie, & Yu, 2013;
Saura & Pascual-Hortal, 2007). Landscape connectivity is therefore one of the major issues related to animal
dispersal, population persistence and ecological functions maintenance. In particular, biodiversity represents
a fundamental ecosystem property: estimations reports that a 1% change in biodiversity results in a 0.5%
change in the value of all ecosystem services (Bastian, 2013).
In this view, landscape connectivity covers an important role in the definition of ecosystem services value of
a single patch of the landscape mosaic; indeed, habitat patches, with the same size and characteristics at
different locations, may provide different ecosystem services due to their different connectivity within the
landscape. Moreover, a well connected landscape increases the resilience of the social ecological systems
allowing them to overcome sudden changes (e.g climate changes, wildfires) by persistence, adaptation and
transformation processes (Zurlini et al., 2014). Indeed, several methods, indices, approaches and models
have been developed regarding landscape connectivity and fragmentation issues (e.g. Luque, Saura, &
Fortin, 2012; Saura & Pascual-Hortal, 2007). Moreover, recent papers have focused on the importance of the
integration of landscape connectivity measures into the Ecosystem Services (ES) assessment (Ng et al.,
2013), Urban Planning (Ahern, 2012; Tannier, Foltête, & Girardet, 2012), and into Environmental Impact
806 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) (Girardet, Foltête, & Clauzel, 2013;
Mancebo Quintana, Martín Ramos, Casermeiro Martínez, & Otero Pastor, 2010; Scolozzi & Geneletti, 2012a).
Connectivity assessment in the context of land use decision making processes and landscape and urban
planning is still challenging (Scolozzi & Geneletti, 2012b). Lack of data and mismatching scale of analysis can
represent insurmountable constraints for the correct evaluation and integration of ecological connectivity
into plans and assessment procedures. Moreover, complex models can be hard to manage when scenario
comparison is requested or the localization and extension of the area change. Thus, several examples of
structural connectivity assessment (not species specific approach) and simplified models were presented to
adequately face these issues in the planning and assessment practice at different spatial scales (Mancebo
Quintana et al., 2010; Marulli & Mallarach, 2005; Ng et al., 2013). An assessment of structural landscape
connectivity in terms of energy, based on landscape graphs approach, was presented in an innovative model
named PANDORA (Gobattoni, Lauro, Monaco, & Pelorosso, 2012; Gobattoni, Pelorosso, Lauro, Leone, &
Monaco, 2011). The energy considered by the model is linked with vegetation metabolism by BTC index,
thus it assesses the biological energetic state of the landscape and bio-energy exchanges among landscape
components (Bio-Energy Landscape Connectivity, BELC). The model was developed to meet the needs of
planners and practitioners involved in the environmental assessment procedure and it was proposed as
operative Decision Support System to assess the impact of different scenarios of land use change. The last
version of the model (Gobattoni, Groppi, Monaco, & Pelorosso, 2014) analyzes the contribute of each patch
of land mosaic to global BELC and, consequently to functionality and resilience of the whole system.
In the current methods to assess landscape connectivity in terms of ecosystem services, there are two main
limitations: 1) connectivity is calculated within the same land use category of habitat patches; 2) the
evaluation of ecosystem services mainly relies on patch size without considering other variables, e.g. water,
soil and climatic characteristics, that could strongly affect the final ecosystem services value (Ng et al.,
2013). A model fully integrating ES into landscape connectivity assessment has not been presented yet.
In this work, to face those limits, we propose the last version of model PANDORA with the new module,
presented here for the first time, for the evaluation of the ecological value (Ecosystem Services) of single
patches of landscape mosaic in terms of Habitat (e.g. land cover) and BELC. The multi-scale workability and
the spatial approach of the model aim at furnishing a further tool for the spread of ecosystem services and
landscape ecology concepts into procedures of assessment (e.g. EIA, SEA) and land planning at different
administrative scales.
2
METHODOLOGY
The proposed method for bio-energy landscape connectivity (BELC) assessment is here synthetically
reported. A deep description is out of the aims of this paper and it can be found in other publications. The
ES evaluation is then reported in a specific paragraph.
Numerical integration of the Ordinal Differential Equations (ODEs) system, on which the model PANDORA is
founded, can be rather heavy because of the high number of equations, specially to produce a friendly user
system. Thus, an approximated solution is proposed in order to substitute the above set of ODEs with an
algebraic hierarchy which may be implemented easily (Gobattoni et al., 2014). The Bio-Energy (B) is the
state variable related to the metabolism of vegetation characterizing each land cover patch. The parameters
regulating the B evolution (e.i. evolution to mature forest with highest biodiversity level) are derived by
vegetational, morphological, climatic and soil characteristics of the landscape units. Most important humanmade barriers to energy fluxes (e.g. large and high traffic roads) define the borders of each landscape unit
807 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
(LU). Other human-made barriers (e.g. minor roads, edified areas, urban sprawl, no photosynthetic
surfaces) in each LU are considered as limiting factors to energy fluxes and consequently to the evolution of
biotopes energy level inside them. Fluxes of bio-energy among LUs are continuously recalculated with the
evolution of the patches and they define the connectivity index of each LU. High connectivity level defined
by such an index is considered by the model as a positive factor for the increase of the Bio-Energy of the
patch. The solution of the algebraic hierarchy until asymptotic values gives the final values of Bas for each
patch and the Generalized Biological Energy of the overall system (Mastot).
The ES assessment has been realized by considering both the land cover typology (e.i. habitat) and the
importance of the patch for the global landscape connectivity expressed by the asymptotic value of Mastot.
The importance of each patch in terms of its contribution to the maintenance of Mastot level has been
calculated by comparing the Mastot difference before and after changing the patch into an urban area (e.i.
impervious and no photosynthetic surface). Such an index is defined as dMtot. Ecosystem Services Value for
Biodiversity protection (ESV_B) for a unit area of different land cover categories (€/ha/year) has been
updated and modified to Italian case from Ng, Xie, & Yu (2013). The model has been developed in open
source environment and applied in a portion of the municipality of Viterbo (Central Italy) considering the
actual land use and urban development.
2.1 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSESSMENT
ES value (ESV) can be evaluated for each patch taking in consideration only the type of habitat (e.g. land
Cover) and the area of a patch by the following conventional formula (Ng et al. 2013):
ESVkj = VCk ⋅ Ak _ j
(1)
where ESVkj is the estimated Ecosystem Services Value of patch j of land cover category k, VCk is the value
coefficient for landcover category k, Ak_j is the area of the patch j and land cover category k. VCk is the
economic value of each macro land cover typology and it was used to evaluate different ESs in China (Ng et
al., 2013; Tianhong, Wenkai, and Zhenghan, 2010; Xie, Lu, C. X., Leng, Zhang, and Li, 2003). Based on a
seminal work of Costanza et al. (1997) and Xie et al. (2003), Tianhong et al. (2010) report the procedure to
obtain the contribute of each land cover class in the delivery of a range of ES starting from equivalent
weight factors of ESs for several terrestrial ecosystem (see table 1).
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
FOREST
GRASSLAND
CROPLAND
WETLAND
WATER BODY BARREN LAND
Gas regulation
3.5
0.80
0.50
1.80
0
0
Climate regulation
2.70
0.90
0.89
17.10
0.46
0
Water supply
3.20
0.80
0.60
15.50
20.40
0.03
Soil formation and retention
3.90
1.95
1.46
1.71
0.01
0.02
Waste treatment
1.31
1.31
1.64
18.18
18.20
0.01
Biodiversity protection
3.26
1.09
0.71
2.50
2.49
0.34
Food
0.10
0.30
1.0
0.30
0.10
0.01
Raw material
2.60
0.05
0.10
0.07
0.01
0
Recreation and culture
1.28
0.04
0.01
5.55
4.34
0.01
Total
21.85
7.24
6.91
62.71
46.01
0.42
808 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
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Smart City - Planning for Energy,
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R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
Tab. 1 Equivalent weight factor of ESs per hectare of terrestrial ecosystems in China (Tianhong et al. 2010)
The economic value of average natural food production of cropland per hectare per year (ANFPC) was
assigned to the weight factor one (bold character in table 1). Thus, to obtain the delivered ESs for unit area
of different terrestrial ecosystem it is necessary to multiply the economic value of ANFPC for each weight of
the table 1. ES value of one unit area of each land use\land cover category can be then assigned based on
the nearest equivalent ecosystems. ANFPC can be calculated considering a mean price for hectare of most
common crops (e.g. wheat) and that, generally, the natural food production is 1/7 of the actual food
production. The weights were estimated for China context so for other Regions possible variations are
expected. In this work, for the applicability of the method and the aims of the paper, the proposed weights
were unchanged, while, the economic value of ANFPC was recalculated for Italian study case and update to
nowadays. Different types of land cover in the study area were finally estimated.
The method proposed by Ng et al. (2013), to calculate biodiversity Ecosystem Services Value (ESV_B)
considering ecological connectivity measures, introduces a connectivity index as followings:
⎛ dPC k _ j
ESV _ Bkj = VC k ⋅ ⎜
⎜ dPC
k _ max
⎝
dPCk _ j
⎛ PCk _ j − PCk' _ j
=⎜
⎜
PCk _ j
⎝
⎞
⎟ ⋅ Ak _ max
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎟ ⋅ 100
⎟
⎠
(2)
(3)
where ESV_Bkj is the estimated biodiversity Ecosystem Services Value of patch j of land cover category k,
Ak_max refers to the largest area of patches among the land cover category k. PC (possibility of connectivity)
is a well known area-based functional connectivity index (Saura and Pascual-Hortal 2007). dPCk_j indicates
the importance of each patch in terms of its contribution to the maintenance of overall connectivity by
comparing the overall connectivity difference before (i.e. PCk_j) and after (i.e. PC’k_j) moving the patch
(Saura and Pascual-Hortal, 2007). dPCk_j is the dPC value of patch j of land cover category k, and dPCk_max
indicates the maximum value of dPC among land cover category k. The method standardizes values of
connectivity within the same land cover category and takes in consideration the largest patch as reference.
The proposed new method to calculate ESV_Bkj is a modification of the formula (2) and (3) and it aims to
overcome above cited constrictions by introducing a connectivity index linked with bio-energy level of the
landscape and the actual patch area:
⎛
dMtot kj
ESV _ Bkj = VC k ⋅ ⎜1 +
⎜ dMtot
j _ max
⎝
⎛ M as tot j − M as tot 'j
dMtot kj = ⎜
⎜
M as tot j
⎝
⎞
⎟ ⋅ Aj
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎟ ⋅100
⎟
⎠
(4)
(5)
where ESV_Bkj is the estimated biodiversity ecosystem services value of patch j of land cover category k with
bio-energy connectivity evaluation, VCk is the value coefficient for land cover category k updated for Italian
study case, Aj refers to the area of the patch j without considering land cover type membership. Mastotj is
809 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
the Generalized Biological Energy of the overall system; it derives by Pandora 3.0 model e.i. by the solution
of the algebraic hierarchy until asymptotic values of all the patches: it is the index of overall BELC and it
considers the Bioenergy evolution of all the landscape patches under the actual barriers to energy fluxes,
climatic, morphological and soil conditions. dMtotkj indicates the importance of each patch j and land cover
category k in terms of its contribution to the maintenance of overall BELC by comparing the overall
connectivity difference before (i.e. Mastotj) and after (i.e. Mastot’j) changing the patch into an urban area.
dMtotj_max indicates the maximum value of dMtot among all the patches j of the landscape without
considering land cover type difference.
In this work a comparison between ESV_B evaluation without and with BELC assessment is proposed on the
basis of formulas (1) and (4) respectively, moreover aggregated ESV_B assessments are pointed out at:
a)
Land cover type scale
zk
ESV _ Bk = ∑ ESV _ Bkj
(6)
j =1
Where zk is the number of patches with land cover category k.
b)
Landscape Unit scale
mi
ESV _ Bi = ∑ ESV _ Bir
(7)
r =1
Where mi is the number of patches inside the landscape unit i.
c)
Landscape scale
n
ESV _ Btot = ∑ ESV _ Bi
(8)
i =1
Where n is the number of landscape units.
3
RESULTS
The commodity exchange of Bologna for 2013 reports a mean price of 200 €/ton for soft wheat and 270
€/ton for durum wheat. Thus, considering a value of 250 €/ton and a mean production of 6 ton/ha per year,
the economic value of ANFPC for Italy was estimated as 214 €/ha per year. Table 2 reports the final VCk for
the main land cover typology of the study area for Biodiversity protection.
Biodiversity
protection
WATER
BARREN
FOREST
GRASSLAND
ORCHARD
CROPLAND
WETLAND
BODY
LAND
BUILD UP
697,64
233,26
189,92
151,94
535,00
532,86
72,76
0,00
Tab. 2 Value Coefficient (VCk) for land cover category k of unit area for Biodiversity protection (€/ha*year). Note that orchards are
calculated as 25% more of cropland
The index dMtotj representation (Fig. 1) allows to highlight the importance of each patch in terms of its
contribution to the maintenance of the overall bio-energy level and consequently to BELC. The results show
also the capabilities of the model to spatially discriminate the ES value of each patch on land mosaic (Fig. 2),
810 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
the ES at level of land cover typology (Fig. 3) and at level of LU (Fig. 4). The ES value at landscape scale
without and with connectivity measure is therefore 7.134.357,90 €/year and 10.192.959,80 €/year,
respectively, with an increase of 42.8% considering the BELC.
Fig. 1 dMtotkj index representation: the value ranges between 0 and 100 and defines the percentage decrease of overall generalized bioenergy Mastot consequent to the conversion of the patch into an urban area (e.i. impervious and no photosynthetic surface)
811 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
Fig. 2 ESV_Bkj for each land cover patch of study area. a) Without considering BELC; b) with BELC
Fig. 3 ES Value for each land cover typology without and with BELC, respectively
Fig. 4 ES Value for each Landscape Unit of the study area without and with BELC, respectively
812 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
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Smart City - Planning for Energy,
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R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
4
DISCUSSION
The concept of landscape embraces all the components of human environment: cultural identity, natural
resources, economy and society. Landscape is, therefore, an expression of the diversity of shared mutlicultural and natural heritage (ECTP-CEU, 2013).
Spatial planning science and praxis has to provide cohesion among these different aspects and,
consequently, it has to be applied to all the various contexts: residential, commercial and industrial areas;
infrastructures; tourist and leisure locations; urban green areas and parks; rural areas. The challenge for
effective planning consists in integrating these needs, starting from the protection and management of
biodiversity and lndscapes. To pursue this aim, it’s necessary to assess the interactions between human
settlements, infrastructures and natural areas, i.e. examining landscape connectivity, which is a theme
stressed since long time ago by landscape ecology (e.g. Forman, 1995).
Starting from Landscape Ecology assumptions, it’s necessary to extrapolate the role for spatial planning.
Namely, landscape connectivity was considered in the evaluation of ES only recently (Ng et al., 2013). The
current methods to assess landscape connectivity in terms of ES, show two main general limitations: 1)
connectivity is calculated within the same land use category of habitat patches; 2) the evaluation of ES
mainly relies on patch size without considering other variables, e.g. water, soil and climatic characteristics,
that could strongly affect the final ES value. Moreover, a model fully integrating ES into landscape
connectivity assessment has not been presented yet.
In this work, we propose an innovative approach to face these limitations. The new index dMtot points out
the importance of each patch in terms of its contribution to the maintenance of BELC (Fig. 1). It considers
soil, climatic and morphological aspects of the LUs and, moreover, is related to the connectivity of all the
patches with respect to a bio-energy measure making the dMtot index no-dependent from habitat typology,
indeed all the patches contribute to BELC.
The calculation of ES values of the patch considers a measure of a structural landscape connectivity founded
on thermodynamic laws that lie behind all the environmental processes and dynamics of landscape, as well
as animal movements and vegetation/ecosystem evolution. Consequently, such a connectivity is strictly
linked to the functionality and resilience of the landscape.
Indeed, ES values as well as dMtot index can be used to individuate suitable areas for urban development or
conservation measures both at level of patch (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) and at level of LUs (Fig. 4). Such a latter
zoning, based on recognizable barriers (e.g. roads) on landscape, may facilitate the integration of
connectivity information in different territorial plans e.g. supporting the characterization of urbanized and
non-urbanized areas into municipality plans, or of rural areas for provincial or regional plans. Finally, the
data required by the model are usually available by land manager making the implementation of the
procedure feasible also into contexts of scarce resources and low financial availability.
In this way, it’s possible to carry out the usual planning praxis giving it an effective, low cost and
scientifically sound analysis. Moreover, it’s possible to quickly compare scenarios and make maps and
graphics generated by PANDORA model accessible to stakeholders thus supporting, in a more transparent
way, both planners’ choices and people participation. The proposed approach can therefore allow decision
makers, but also communities, to have a clear picture of the ecological impacts of planned order and, as a
consequence, to contribute to build healthy landscapes.
813 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
5
CONCLUSIONS
The final aim of this research consists in developing methods and tools to include the ES thinking in planning
practice since it can allow to assign an objective value to natural resources: biodiversity, air, soil, water and
energy.
At the present step, in this paper, the new version of model PANDORA 3.0 is presented: through the
application to a real case, it has pointed out its capability to assess the landscape in terms of BELC and ES.
The model allows to support the decision making process by the assessment of different land use scenarios.
The multi-scale workability and the spatial approach of the model aim at furnishing a further tool for the
spread of ES and landscape ecology concepts into procedures of assessment (e.g. EIA, SEA) and land
planning at different administrative scales.
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814 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
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AUTHORS’ PROFILE
Raffaele Pelorosso
He is a researcher in Landscape and Urban Planning at the University of Tuscia. He holds a PhD in “Science and
Technology for the Forest and Environmental Management” at University of Tuscia. Lecturer in Ecology, Cartography and
Planning. His research activity is mainly focused on landscape functionality, urban green, land use planning, analysis of
landscape dynamics, land cover and land use change. Associate Editor of International Journal of Sustainable Land Use
and Urban Planning. He is authors of more than 50 scientific papers and peer reviewer for many international journals as:
Land Use Policy, Landscape and Urban Planning, Environmental Management, Journal of Environmental Engineering and
Management, Advanced in Space Research, Science of the Total Environment.
815 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System
R. Pelorosso, F. Gobattoni, F. Geri, R. Monaco, A. Leone. – Bio-energy connectivity and ecosystems services. An assessment by PANDORA 3.0
model for land use decision making
Federica Gobattoni
She has a Master Degree in Environmental Engineering at University of Perugia, PhD in “Science and Technology for the
Forest and Environmental Management”, and she’s a post-doctoral researcher at University of Tuscia. Her research
activity is mainly concerned with landscape dynamics, environmental modeling in GIS environment, decision support
systems for planning and management of natural resources, development of mathematical models for landscape
evolution and equilibrium scenarios assessment. She was Convener of the “Landscape functionality and conservation
management” session at European Geosciences Union General Assembly of 2010, 2011 and 2012. She is peer reviewer
for many international journals as: Journal of Water and Climate, Ecological Complexity, Water, Air and Soil Pollution,
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Earth Science Informatics.
Francesco Geri
He is graduated in Natural Science with a Ph.D in Environmental Science and Technology. He was lecturer in Landscape
Ecology, Thematic Cartography and in Geographic Information Systems. Authors of several scientific papers in landscape
ecology, remote sensing and geographical information science. He's also reviewer of international scientific journals such
as Landscape and Urban Planning, Ecological Indicators, International Journal of Geo-Information, International Journal
of Biodiversity and Conservation, Remote Sensing, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and
Geoinformation. He's a GIS analyst with experience in statistical data processing and an expert GIS and web programmer
through the use of different programming language such as Python, PHP, Javascript etc.
Roberto Monaco
He is full professor of Mathematics at the Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning at Politecnico of
Torino. His research activity is focused on mathematical models in applied sciences, in particular in fluid dynamics and
regional sciences. He is author of more of 130 papers, of several books and Editor of Proceedings of many international
conferences. He has promoted and is the director of an international summer school in Models and Methods of Kinetic
Theory. He is peer reviewer of several mathematical journals, as those of IOP (Inst. of Phys.), Phys. of Fluids and Acta
Appl. Mat.
Antonio Leone
Full professor of Land Engineering at University of Tuscia, Industrial Engineering course. Member of the Teaching College
PhD “Land and Urban Planning” at Politecnico di Bari and “Environment and landscape design and planning” at Sapienza
University of Rome. Participant and responsible in several projects financed by the European Union within 5th Framework
Programme, Interreg IIIB Research Program, COST-actions, LIFE programme and other national and regional research
programs (e.g. Nature 2000 sites). Member of Scientific International Committee for Metropolitan Strategic Master Plan
“Terra di Bari”. Member of Scientific Committee for University Consortium for Socio-economic and Environment Research
(CURSA). Author of more than 100 scientific papers in the area of landscape and environmental planning.
816 TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment INPUT 2014
Eighth International Conference INPUT - Naples, 4-6 June 2014
Smart City - Planning for Energy,
Transportation and Sustainability of the Urban System