AERONAUTICAL
DECISION MAKING
THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS’
LESSON PLAN
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Definition of Aeronautical
Decision Making (ADM)
“ADM
is a systematic approach to
the mental process used by all
involved in aviation to
consistently determine the best
course of action in response to a
given set of circumstances.”
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PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
Cockpit Crew
Airplane
Maintenance
Weather
Airport/ATC
Misc
0
1987-98
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20
1959-98
40
60
80
PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL
ACCIDENTS (NTSB)
UNPROFESSIONAL
ATTITUDES
47%
VISUAL PERCEPTION
MISJUDGMENT
19%
PILOT TECHNIQUE
21%
INFLIGHT JUDGMENT OR
DECISION
5%
IMPROPER OPERATION OF
EQUIPMENT
6%
UNKNOWN CAUSES
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4%
0
10
20
30
40
50
PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS
REQUIREMENTS
“CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set
of skill competencies which must be
evident in all TASKS in this PTS as
applied to the single pilot or the
multicrew operation. CRM competencies,
grouped into three clusters of observable
behaviors are....”
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ADM SKILL MARKERS
(“Observable Behaviors”)
COMMUNICATION
 SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
 WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
 PLANNING
 DECISION
MAKING

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CRM DEFINITION
“THE EFFECTIVE
USE OF ALL
AVAILABLE
RESOURCES”
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CREW...
Pilot-in-Command
 Second-in-Command
Flight Instructor
 Aircraft Scheduler
 Weather Briefer
 Ramp Personnel
 Chief Instructor

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Flight Attendant
 Check Airman/ Pilot
Examiner
 Flight Engineer
 Non-pilot
 Air Traffic Control
 Flight Service/Watch

RESOURCES...
 Time
 Information
 Workload
 Prioritization
 Strategies/Plans
 Scheduling
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MANAGEMENT...
 Situation Assessment
 Risk Assessment
 Planning/Strategizing
 Prioritizing
Tasks
 Allocating Responsibilities
 Problem Solving
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H A N C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R FO R M A N C E
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
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C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H AN C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R F O R M AN C E
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
C O M M U N IC AT IO N S
PR O C E S S E S AN D
T E AM BU IL D IN G
AN D M AIN T E N AN C E
W O R K L O AD M AN AG E M E N T
AN D S IT U AT IO N AL
M OT OR
AC T IV IT IE S
PR O C E D U R AL
AC T IV IT IE S
D E C IS IO N M AK IN G
CLUST ER
CLUST ER
AW AR E N E S S
CLUST ER
S K IL L S
S K IL L S
IN F O R M AT IO N BAS E /
KNOW LEDG E
Brie fin g s
L e a d e rsh ip /F o llo w e rsh ip /
P re p a ra tio n /P la n n in g /
V isu a l Ac q u isitio n /
E m e rg e n c y /
C o m p a n y Po lic ie s/
In q u iry /Ad vo c a c y /Asse rtio n
C re w S e lf-C ritiq u e
C o n c e rn fo r T a sk s
In te rp e rso n a l R e la tio n sh ip s/
V ig ila n c e
W o rk lo a d D istrib u te d /
In te rp re ta tio n o f
H a za rd s
Ab n o rm a l
F lig h t M a n e u ve rs
L a w s/R u le s/
R e g u la tio n s
C o m m u n ic a tio n s/D e c isio n s
C o n flic t R e so lu tio n
G ro u p C lim a te
Au to m a tio n M a n a g e m e n t
D istra c tio n s Avo id e d
S y ste m C o n tro l
Airc ra ft C o n tro l
AT C C o m m u n ic a tio n s
S y ste m O p e ra tio n
AT C /Airsp a c e
W e a th e r
Airc ra ft L im ita tio n s/
Pe rfo rm a n c e
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER
PERFORMANCE
E N H AN C E D C R E W M E M B E R P E R F O R M AN C E
C R E W M E M B E R T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
M OT OR
AC T IV IT IE S
PR O C E D U R AL
AC T IV IT IE S
S K IL L S
S K IL L S
IN F O R M AT IO N BAS E /
KNOW LEDG E
V isu a l Ac q u isitio n /
E m e rg e n c y /
C o m p a n y Po lic ie s/
In te rp re ta tio n o f
Ab n o rm a l
L a w s/R u le s/
H a za rd s
F lig h t M a n e u ve rs
R e g u la tio n s
S y ste m C o n tro l
Airc ra ft C o n tro l
AT C C o m m u n ic a tio n s
S y ste m O p e ra tio n
AT C /Airsp a c e
W e a th e r
Airc ra ft L im ita tio n s/
Pe rfo rm a n c e
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ADM Focus
Non-Technical Skills
C R E W M E M B E R N O N -T E C H N IC A L S K IL L S
*C O M M U N IC AT IO N S
PR O C E S S E S AN D
T E AM BU IL D IN G
AN D M AIN T E N AN C E
*W O R K L O AD M AN AG E M E N T
AN D *S IT U AT IO N AL
*D E C IS IO N M AK IN G
CLUST ER
CLUST ER
AW AR E N E S S
CLUST ER
Brie fin g s
In q u iry /Ad vo c a c y /Asse rtio n
L e a d e rsh ip /F o llo w e rsh ip /
C o n c e rn fo r T a sk s
Pre p a ra tio n / *Pla n n in g /
V ig ila n c e
C re w S e lf-C ritiq u e
C o m m u n ic a tio n s/D e c isio n s
C o n flic t R e so lu tio n
In te rp e rso n a l R e la tio n sh ip s/
G ro u p C lim a te
Au to m a tio n M a n a g e m e n t
W o rk lo a d D istrib u te d /
D istra c tio n s Avo id e d
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ADM SKILL MARKERS
(“Observable Behaviors”)
COMMUNICATION
 SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
 WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
 PLANNING
 DECISION
MAKING

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COMMUNICATIONS
Two-way street
 Information transfer
 Clear, concise,
unambiguous
 Listening
 Repeating
 Clarification
 Understanding

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
 THE ACCURATE
PERCEPTION OR
KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS
TO THEIR OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO
ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND
TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.
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WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
PRIORITIZE AND
DELEGATE
 SHARE AND
COMMUNICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGE
PERSONAL LIMITS
 ACTIVELY
MONITOR

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PREPARATION, PLANNING, AND
VIGILANCE
 PREPARING
FOR REQUIRED
ACTIVITIES
 PLANNING FOR ALL POSSIBILITIES
 MAINTAINING AWARENESS FOR
CHANGE
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Decision Making Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Is there a decision to make?
Gather all available information.
Identify all possible alternatives.
Evaluate alternatives.
Choose an alternative (make a decision).
Act on decision.
Evaluate the results of the decision.
(if necessary, return to the beginning)
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THE EFFECTS OF STRESS
AND FATIGUE
Human
Performance
Error Management
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ADM REFERENCES FOR
THE INSTRUCTOR
 Aeronautical
Decision Making for Instructor
Pilots
 Aeronautical Decision Making for Student
and Private Pilots
From the N.T.I.S. (National Technical
Information Service) Library
1-800-759-4684
3
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ADM MODELS AND
PROGRAMS TODAY
 PTS/CRM
 Pilot
Judgment Training Manuals
 Personal Minimums
 FAA’s Model
 DECIDE Model
 Hazardous Attitudes
 Decision Making Process
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What about these?
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THE END
 REMEMBER......
MAKE ADM
PART OF YOUR
LESSON PLANS!
 QUESTIONS????
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