Polymer Nanocomposites
by
QED induced
EUV cross-linking
Thomas Prevenslik
QED Radiations
Berlin, Germany
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Introduction
Nanocomposites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed
to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties
NP = Nanoparticle
Enhancement thought to be a nanoscale interphase
but the mechanism is not well understood
Nanocomposite design cannot proceed without knowing the
properties of the interphase
Tensile tests are not possible - the interphase is nanoscopic
Cannot make nanoscale tensile specimens !!!
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Alternatives
Use MD to derive the interphase properties
MD = molecular dynamics.
But MD based on Lennard-Jones or ab-initio potentials can
never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the
interphase that is unknown !!!
or
Use FE with assumed stress-strain curves to simulate
experiments on prototype nanocomposite designs
FE = finite element, e.g., ANSYS
But then no need for FE simulation
Just build and test !!!
4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
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Proposal
Select cross-linking mechanisms for polymer enhancement
Fabricate representative macroscopic tensile specimen
Use tensile tests to determine stress-strain curves
Perform MD or FE analysis of prototype design
Compare with prototype experimental tests
Repeat until convergence
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Cross-linking
Polymers are enhanced by cross-linking
Radical polymerization may be dismissed as enhancements
are observed without photo initiators.
UV cross-linking requires UV source, yet enhancement
occurs even if the polymer does not UV cross-link
EM = electromagnetic
Only if the EM radiation reaches EUV levels do ALL
polymers cross-link.
EUV = extreme ultraviolet.
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
EUV Source
The source of EUV radiation is the QED induced EM
radiation emitted from the NPs
QED = quantum electrodynamics
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Heat Capacity
The EUV is produced upon the absorption of heat
during thermal processing the NPs under the
restrictions on heat capacity imposed by QM.
QM = quantum mechanics.
QM requires the heat capacity of the NP to vanish
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Planck Energy - E - eV
QM Heat Capacity
0.1
Classical physics (kT > 0)
0.01
hc
l
E
  hc  
exp  lkT   1
 
 
QM
(kT = 0)
0.001
kT
0.0258 eV
0.0001
0.00001
1
Nanoparticles
10
100
1000
Thermal Wavelength - l - microns
In NPs, the atom heat capacity vanishes by QM
4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
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Conservation of Energy
Lack of heat capacity by QM precludes conservation of
heat in NPs by an increase in temperature, but how does
conservation proceed?
Proposal
Absorbed EM energy is conserved by QED inducing EM
radiation in the surface of the NPs - by frequency up or down
conversion to the TIR resonance of the NP
TIR = total internal reflection
NPs are the EUV source for polymerization
4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
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TIR Confinement
If the refractive index of the NPs is greater than that of
surroundings, the proposed EM radiation is confined by TIR
NPs have high surface to volume ratio.
Heat is absorbed almost totally in the NP surface.
The NP surface confines the TIR wavelength
f=c/n/l
Heat
l = D
D
E = hf
l = D
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Analysis
QED Wavelength - l - nm
1000
100
Silicon
Zinc Oxide
10
EUV
1
UV + VIS
EUV
UV + VIS
0.1
1
10
100
NP diameter - d - nm
The QED emission is in the EUV for d < 10 nm and
otherwise in the UV and VIS.
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
EUV Irradiation
Prepare polymer tensile specimens, (say < 1 mm)
diameter of the natural polymer
Determine the wavelength of the EUV emission expected
from the NP diameter and refractive index
Irradiate the specimen with EUV radiation
Heat
EUV wavelength
l = 2nd
d – coating thickness
Perform tensile tests of the EUV irradiated specimens
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Conclusions
QED induced radiation based on QM is proposed to provide
both a theoretical and experimental basis to the rational
design of polymer nanocomposites.
EUV cross-linking is the mechanism by which ALL polymers
polymerize in nanocomposites
Anyone interested in developing QED process?
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
Extensions
Moore’s law says the number of transistors on a chip
should double every two years
Lithography is required that shrinks transistor
geometry by 30% every two years
In sustaining Moore’s law in the future, the EUV light
source is the “holy grail” of chip development
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
EUV and Moore‘s law
In the next generation of chips, the EUV source using LPP
lithography at 13.5 nm is challenging Moore’s law
LPP = laser produced plasma
LPP uses high power CO2 lasers to vaporize solid targets,
the atomic emission producing 13.5 nm EUV light
LPP lithography is both complex and very expensive
Proposed QED lithography is simple and inexpensive
EUV wavelength l = 2 n d
d = coating thickness
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4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
EUV Light Sources
LPP
QED
QED induces the heat supplied to the backside of the
spherical lens to be converted to EUV using d ~ 3 nm zinc
oxide coating on the lens front surface
Any interests in developing QED lithography?
4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
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Questions & Papers
Email: nanoqed@gmail.com
http://www.nanoqed.org
4th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20-27, 2014
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