African Horse Sickness
Perdesiekte,
Pestis Equorum,
La Peste Equina,
Peste Equina Africana
Overview
• Etiology
• Species Affected
• Epidemiology
• Economic Importance
• Clinical Signs
• Diagnosis and Treatment
• Prevention and Control
• Actions to Take
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
ETIOLOGY
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
African Horse Sickness Virus
• Non-enveloped RNA
• Family Reoviridae
– Genus Orbivirus
• Nine serotypes (1-9)
– All viscerotropic
– Serotype 9
• Endemic areas
• Outbreaks outside of Africa
– Serotypes 1-8
• Limited geographical areas
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
African Horse Sickness Virus
• Inactivated by
– Heat (temps greater than 140oF)
– pH less than 6, or 12 or greater
– Acidic disinfectants
• Rapidly destroyed in carcasses that
have undergone rigor mortis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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Species Affected
• Equidae
– Horses, donkeys, mules
– Zebras
• Other
– Camels
– Dogs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Geographic Distribution
• Endemic in
sub-Saharan Africa
• Outbreaks
– Southern and
northern Africa
– Near and Middle East
– Spain and Portugal
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OIE Disease Distribution Map
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Incidence/Prevalence
• Seasonal
– Late summer - early autumn
• Cyclic
– Drought followed by heavy rains
– Influences insect breeding
• Epizootics halted by
– Frost
– Lack of long-term vertebrate reservoir
– Reduced numbers of vectors
– Control measures
• Vaccination, vector abatement
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Morbidity/Mortality
• Varies with species, previous
immunity, form of disease
• Mortality based on species
– Horse particularly susceptible
Species
Mortality
Horses
50-95%
Mules
50%
European and Asian donkeys
5-10%
African donkeys and zebras
Rare
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Morbidity/Mortality
• Mortality based on form of disease
Disease Form
Mortality
Pulmonary form
Up to 95%
Cardiac form
50% or more
Mixed form
70-80%
Horsesickness fever
Typically recover
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TRANSMISSION
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Transmission
• Not contagious
• Vector-borne: Culicoides spp.
– Culicoides imicola – principal vector
– C. bolitinos
– C. variipennis
– Other potential arthropods
• Viremia in Equidae
– Horses: 12 to 40 days
– Zebras, African donkeys: up to 6 weeks
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Culicoides spp.
• Biting midges, “punkies”, “no-see-ums”
– Extremely small ~1/8”
– Species identified by wing pattern
• Habitat
– Margins of water sources
• Life cycle: 2-6 weeks
– Eggs hatch in 2-10 days
• Females are bloodsucking
– Greatest biting activity dusk to dawn
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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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History
• 1600: First recorded
– Horses to southern Africa
• 1921: Sir Arnold Theiler
– Described 7 major epizootics
in South Africa from 1780-1918
• 1959-61: Middle East
– 1st outbreak outside Africa
• 1987-91: Spain, Portugal
– Imported zebra reservoirs
– New Culicoides species
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Economic Impact
• 1989: Portugal
– 137 outbreaks
• 104 farms
– 206 equines destroyed
– 170,000 equines
vaccinated
– Cost $1.9 million
SPAIN
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U.S. Economic Impact
• U.S. Horse Industry (2007)
– Inventory: 4 million horses
– Sales: $2.0 billion
– Employment: 4.6 million Americans
• Risk factors
– Disease not in U.S. – naïve population
– Arthropod vector is in U.S.
– Outbreak would result in movement and
trade restrictions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
AFRICAN HORSE
SICKNESS IN ANIMALS
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Incubation Period
• Experimental: 2-21 days
• Natural infection: 3-14 days
Disease Form
Incubation
Period
Peracute (pulmonary) form
3-5 days
Subacute (edematous or
cardiac) form
7-14 days
Acute (mixed) form
5-7 days
Horsesickness fever
5-14 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Clinical Signs
• Four forms of the disease
– Peracute (pulmonary)
– Subacute edematous (cardiac)
– Acute (mixed)
– Horsesickness fever
• Symptomatic infections most
common in horse and mules
• Zebras typically asymptomatic
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Peracute - Pulmonary Form
• Acute fever
• Sudden, severe
respiratory distress
• Dyspnea, tachypnea
• Profuse sweating
Foam from the nares due
to pulmonary edema
• Spasmodic coughing
• Frothy serofibrinous nasal exudate
• Rapid death (few hours)
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Subacute Edematous Cardiac Form
• Edema
– Supraorbital fossae,
eyelids
– Cheeks, lips, tongue,
intermandibular space
– Neck, thorax, chest
– Not in lower legs
• If animal recovers,
swellings subside
over 3-8 days
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Subacute - Cardiac Form
• Terminal stages
– Severe depression, colic, petechiae of
conjunctivae and ventral tongue
• Death from cardiac failure
• Mortality 50% or higher
• Death within 4-8 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Acute - Mixed Form
• Pulmonary and cardiac forms
• Cardiac signs usually subclinical
– Followed by severe respiratory distress
• Mild respiratory signs
– Followed by edema and death
• Diagnosed by necropsy
• Mortality 70-80%
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Horsesickness Fever
• Mild clinical signs
• Characteristic fever (3 to 8 days)
– Morning remission (undetectable)
– Afternoon exacerbation
• Other signs
– Mild anorexia or depression
– Congested mucous membranes
– Increased heart rate
• Rarely fatal
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Post Mortem Lesions
• Pulmonary form
– Severe, diffuse
pulmonary edema
– Hydrothorax
– Fluid in abdominal
and thoracic cavity
– Enlarged endematous lymph nodes
– Hyperemia and petechial hemorrhages
in intestines
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Post Mortem Lesions
• Cardiac form
– Yellow gelatinous infiltrate
• Head, neck, shoulders
• Brisket, ventral abdomen, rump
– Hydropericardium
– Submucosal edema of cecum, large
colon, rectum
• Mixed form
– Mixture of above findings
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
AHS in Other Species
• Dogs
– Ingestion of infected horse meat
– Not usually by insect bites
– No role in spread or maintenance
– Dogs usually have the pulmonary form
• Camels, zebras
– Inapparent infection
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT
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Differential Diagnosis
• Equine viral arteritis
• Equine infectious anemia
• Hendra virus infection
• Purpura hemorrhagica
• Equine piroplasmosis
• Equine encephalosis virus
• Anthrax
• Toxins
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Diagnosis
• Clinical signs
– Supraorbital swelling is characteristic
• History
– Prevalence or exposure to
competent vectors
– Travel from enzootic area
• Laboratory tests - definitive diagnosis
• Serotype needed for control measures
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Laboratory Diagnosis
• Laboratory tests
– Virus isolation
– ELISA, RT-PCR
– Serology (tentative)
– Necropsy: spleen, lung, lymph node
• More than one test should be used
• AHSV does not cross-react with other
known orbiviruses
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Sampling
• Before collecting or sending any
samples, the proper authorities
should be contacted.
• Samples should only be sent under
secure conditions and to authorized
laboratories to prevent the spread of
the disease.
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Samples To Collect
• For virus isolation
– Blood samples
– Necropsy samples
• Spleen, lung, lymph nodes
• Paired serum samples are
recommended
• Store and transport samples at 39oF
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
AFRICAN HORSE
SICKNESS IN HUMANS
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
AHS in Humans
• No natural infection in humans
• Neurotropic vaccine strains
– Transnasal infection can lead to
encephalitis or retinitis
• Handle modified live AHS vaccine
strains with caution
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Recommended Actions
• IMMEDIATELY notify authorities
– OIE reportable disease
• In the U.S. notify
– Federal Area Veterinarian in Charge
(AVIC)
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices/
– State Veterinarian
www.usaha.org/Portals/6/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pdf
• Quarantine premises
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Disinfection
• Disinfectants
– Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
– 2% acetic or citric acid
• Killed
– pH less than 6
– pH 12 or greater
• Rapidly destroyed in carcasses that
have undergone rigor mortis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Control
• Quarantine
– Equidae from endemic areas
• Asia, Africa, Mediterranean
– Minimum 60 days at point of entry
• Vector control and protection
– Insect repellants
– Stable in insect-proof housing
from dusk to dawn
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Control
• Monitor temperature of all equids
– If febrile
• Euthanize or isolate in an insect-free stable
until cause is determined
• Vaccination
– In endemic areas
– Surrounding protection zone
– Not available in the U.S.
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Vaccination
• Attenuated live vaccine available
– Horses, mules, donkeys
– Not in U.S.
– Reassortment possible
– Teratogenic
• No killed or subunit vaccine available
• Recovering animals
– Lifelong immunity post-infection
to the infecting serotype
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Additional Resources
• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
– www.oie.int
• Center for Food Security and Public Health
– www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases (“The Gray Book”)
– www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/
downloads/nahems/fad.pdf
• Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
– www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/biosecurity/agbiosec/anim-disease/ahs.htm
• African Horse Sickness Trust
– www.africanhorsesickness.co.za
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was made possible
through grants provided to
the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa
State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the Iowa Homeland Security and
Emergency Management Division, and the
Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture.
Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhD
Reviewers: James A. Roth, DVM, PhD; Bindy Comito, BA; Katie Spaulding, BS; Meghan
Blankenship, BS; Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011