LAND CLEARING
ON OIL PALM PLANTATION
Sudirman Yahya
Hariyadi
LAND CLEARING
•
•
•
MINERAL SOIL (ULTISOL),
SWAMPY AREA
PEAT SOIL
ULTISOL (MINERAL soil)
LAND CLEARING
Depending on :
•
•
•
VEGETATION,
TOPOGRAPHY,
METHOD
VEGETATION :
1. PRIMARY FOREST
:
virgin environment, tree stem diameter > 1 m, high plant density
1. SECONDARY FOREST :
previously managed/cultivated/logged, smaller tree diameter < 50
cm., middle plant density
3. BUSHES
:
after shifting cultivation, small tress diameter < 20 cm, low plant
density
4. Wild grasses, Imperata sp :
after shifting cultivation, Wild grasses
5. CONVERTION AREA
:
from other agricultural activities, such as plantation (coconut,
rubber etc) or upland food crops
FOREST
BUSHES
slashing
slashing
Cutting
Chopping
IMPERATA
CONVERTION
Slashing /
spraying
Cutting
Plowing
Hump
digging
harrowing
Piling
Piling /
stacking
Cleaning
“slashing”
: Cutting the trees/small bushes, diam. < 10 cm
Felling : Cutting the trees with chainsaw or axe for stem diam.
> 10 cm
Cutting height above soil surface
Ø < 10 - 20 cm at 40 cm high
Ø 21 – 30 cm at 60 cm high
Ø 31 – 75 cm at 100 cm high
Ø > 75 cm
at 150 cm high
Chopping : Cutting the fallen trunk and chopping the stem, branches and
twigs.
Piling : To pile/ to collect the cut branches and twigs.
Direction of piling, north – south, 50 – 100 m apart.
TOPOGRAPHY
0–3 %
4–8 %
9 – 15 %
<< 15 %
>> 15 %
: Flat
16 – 25 % : rolling
: slightly undulating
26 – 45 % : steep
: undulating
>> 45 % : very steep
: using heavy duty (BULLDOZER)
: CHAINSAW
Risk ?
- soil compaction
- Top soil losses
LAND CLEARING METHOD
1.
2.
3.
Manual
Mechanical
Chemical
ZERO BURNING
- Forest Area
- Bushes
- Imperata Area
Manual
Mechanical
Mechanical
Chemical
LAND CLEARING
Manual
•
diameter of tree or stem < 10 cm , cut with short
sword or axe; >10 cm  cut with chain-saw
Mechanical
Zero Burning Method : stacking-piling and pulling out
and pushing the trunk mechanically, using heavy
equipments (bulldozer and excavator).
The weakness of using heavy equipment:
Top soil is pealed due to the work of pushing on piling the
stems ; and soil compaction.
CHEMICALS
Use of herbicide:
* systemic (Glyphosate group); herbicide is
absorbed and translocated to target part (roots)
* contact (Paraquat group); not translocated
Check the weather before and after spraying; the
weather affects the effectiveness of herbicide application
Must be on right kinds, right concentration, right
dosage, right time and right procedure or method of
application.
Time of land clearing works
Dry season
Avoiding of smoking and
careless disposing of
cigarette butts
Rainy season
- fire burning easily,
- limiting of time, need
accurate planning
-Lower work productivity
-Difficult on operating
heavy equipment
LAND CLEARING
Too Long/late
Bush/Imperata
grasses
PLANTING PLAN
- planting LCC
(Legume Cover Crop)
CM (Calopogonium mucunoides)
CP (Centrosema pubescent)
PJ (Pueraria javanica)
- contour terraces
(slope > 15 %)
-Risks :
Level of erosion increase
Soil compaction
Surface run-off increase
LAND CLEARING ON SWAMPY AREA
Need Attention on:
1. Depth of the swamp
2. Vegetation
Drainage waterway
No
Drainage
NO LAND CLEARING
/ NO PLANTING
RISKS :
- Waterlogged palms
Land drained out, quickly
drained
- Rotten fruits
- Stunted growth
THE STEPS ON LAND CLEARING OF SWAMPY
AREA
1. Road Construction
2. Forest Cutting and Felling
3. Drainage Waterway (dw) Construction
Kinds of dw
Upper width
(m)
3.0 – 6.0
Lower width
(m)
1.2 – 1.8
Depth (m)
Secondary
1.8 – 2.5
0.6 – 0.9
1.2 – 1.8
Tertiary
1.0 – 1.2
0.5 – 0.6
0.9 – 1.0
Primary
1.8 – 2.5
LAND CLEARING AT PEAT SOIL
(HISTOSOL)
Important
consideration
•
•
•
Depth of peat
Maturity of peat
Characteristics of peat
PEAT SOIL
Meaning
Histosol :
SOIL which a majority composed by organic
material, C – organic > 25% or has a layer of
organic material > 40 cm
KIND OF PEAT SOIL
• Topogen : influenced
by topography
• Ombrogen
influenced by rain
intensity, flood or
waterlogged
LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL
Classification according to the
DEPTH of peat
• Shallow
:<1m
• Medium
:1–3m
• Deep
: 3–8m
• Very deep peat
: >8m
MATURITY of peat:
1. Fibric : immature, coarse fibre, visuallly original
matter
2. Hemic : half mature, start to decompose
3. Sapric : Mature, has been decomposted
Characteristic of peat
• Physical character
- Soil Color is dark brown, depend on maturity level
- High of water content and water holding capacity (15 – 30 x
dry weight)
- High of soil porousity
- Low of bulk density
- Bad drainage,
- Easy drying
- Irreversible shrinkage
- Hydrophobic and subsidence
Characteristic of peat
• Chemical character
-
Acid (pH < 3.5)
Low fertility
High N- total, but not available for plant,
High C/N ratio
High on Mg ,
Low P and K
Low micronutrient especially Cu, B, Zn
- High water buffering capacity
STEPS OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Build boundary channel surrounding area
Forest clearing
Build Drainage
Constructing roads and bridges
Compacting of the soil along planting rows
STEP OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL
1.
BUILD A BOUNDARY CHANNEL
- As a boundary channel for the area which will be reclaimed
- build 1 year before cutting the tree
- Size :upper width 4 m, under width 3 m, depth 2 – 3 m
- function : as main channel and ground water table regulator
STEPS OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL
2.
Forest clearing
- cutting and slashing the small trees and bushes ⊖ < 2.5 cm)
- cutting with chainsaw
- high of cutting from soil surface
⊖ < 15 cm
: 15 cm
⊖ < 15 – 30 cm
: 30 cm
⊖ < 30 – 75 cm
: 60 cm
⊖ < 75 – 150 cm
: 90 cm
⊖ >150 cm
: 150 cm
- stacking
- Chopping and piling of branchs and twigs
STEP OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL
3.
Build a drainage
Water way type Upper wide
(m)
Under wide
(m)
Primary (main)
3.0 – 6.0
1.2 – 1.8
Depth
(m)
1.8 – 2.5
Secondary
1.8 – 2.5
0.6 – 0.9
1.2 – 1.8
Tertiary
1.0 – 1.2
0.5 – 0.6
0.9 – 1.0
On peat soil, Water management system is very
important to manage water table height
PRIMARY DRAIN
1. Function: to flow the water directly to final drain area (river or
channel)
2. Build over flow and water gate on flooding area
SECONDARY DRAIN
1. To flow to primary drain
2. Function: to catch the water from tertiary drains
3. As a block boundary
4. Distance between two adjacent secondary drains 400 – 500 m
apart
TERTIARY CHANNEL
1. To flow water to secondary drain
2. Function: to catch the water from palm area
3. The distance between two of tertiary drains depend on
drainage condition of the field, minimum one drain for
every 2 palm rows, similar to the path at the upland
palm.
4. CONSTRUCTING THE ROAD
1. Road foundation taken from diggings of soil (mineral),
soil is compacted with excavator
2. Compaction of the road using wood in diameter 7 – 10
cm, and then piled up with mineral soil as thick as 20 –
30 cm
3. Alternative: build a mini rail train for fruit transport
If constructing road is impossible,
inputs and fruits are transported
trough water ways by boat
5. COMPACTION OF PLANTING ROWS
1.Required for strong root anchorage, to prevent
leaning growth of the palm
2.Compacting mechanically
LAND PREPARATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
BLOCKING
STAKING AND PLANTING SPACE
DIGGING PLANTING HOLE
ESTABLISHING COVER CROP (LCC)
BLOCK
1. Block is an unit area of palm that supervised
by a supervisor
2. Area of 25 – 30 ha
3. Each block is bordered by block roads.
4. Block numbering generally starts from East
to West
STAKING
Objectives :
- determine planting spots, straight planting
rows
- determine planting density or number of
palm/ha
- determine palm productivity
Planting space :
9.2 m x 9.2 m x 9.2 m
136 palms/ha
(equal-side triangular)  field terminology : five eyes
DIGGING PLANTING HOLE
Size 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 40 cm
means : size at the base 60 cm x 60 cm or 40 cm x 40 cm
size at the surface 60 cm x 60 cm
Depth 60 cm
Using pattern made from bamboo or wood lath
Digging procedure :
Upper part of the soil (top soil) is separated from the
lower part (subsoil), example; top soil is placed at the
left side, and sub soil at the right side of the hole.
LCC ESTABLISHMENT
Benefits of LCC
•
Improve soil structure, loose
•
Increase organic matter and soil nutrient, mainly N
•
Prevent erosion
•
Supress the growth of weeds, especially alang-alang
grass, Imperata cylindrica
•
Reduce the infestation of certain pathogenic fungi
The Species of LCC
CM : Calopogonium mucunoides CC : Calopogonium cerelium
CP : Centrocema pubescent
PJ : Pueraria javanica
Dosage of LCC : 12 – 20 kg / ha
CM/CC : CP : PJ = 2 : 1 : 2 or 2 : 3 : 2
WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF FOREST
MANUAL SYSTEM (md / ha)
Activities
Primary Forest
Secondary Forest
Slashing
23 – 27
14 – 17
Tree cutting and felling
28 – 32
18 – 32
cutting and chopping
18 – 22
9 – 16
Collecting and Stacking
20 – 25
11– 15
Mechanical System
Activities
Unit
Primary
Forest
Secundary
Forest
Slashing
md/ha
23 – 27
14 – 17
Trees cutting and felling
oh/ha
10 – 14
8 – 14
Branches cutting and chopping
md/ha
18 – 22
9 – 16
Collecting and Stacking I
oh/ha
7–9
4–6
Collecting and Stacking II
oh/ha
7–9
4–6
WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF BUSHES
MANUAL SYSTEM (md / ha)
Activities
md/ha
7–9
10 – 20
Slashing
Trees cutting and felling
18 – 22
Branches cutting, chopping, and
collecting
Mechanical System
Activities
unit
Slashing
md/ha
Trees cutting and felling
oh/ha
Branches cutting and chopping
md/ha
Collecting and Stacking I
oh/ha
Collecting and Stacking II
oh/ha
7–9
5–7
7–9
4–6
4–6
WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF
Imperata cylindrica (wild grass)
Activities
md/ha
dosage
(l/ha)
Consentra- Spray Volume
tion (%)
(Ltr)
Spraying I
5–6
4–5
0.5
400 – 500
Spraying II
3–4
1–2
0.5
300 – 400
Spot Spraying
1–2
1 – 1.5
0.5
200 – 300
WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR WIPING OF Imperata
cylindrica (wild grass)
Plant age Rotation
(month)
md/ha
Dosage
(l/ha)
Consentration (%)
Spray
Volume (Ltr)
1
1
2
8
6
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.5
80
60
2
1
2
4
2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
40
20
3
1
2
2
1
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.5
10
10
4
1
2
1
1
0.05
0.05
0.5
0.5
10
10
5
1
2
1
1
0.03
0.03
0.5
0.5
6
6
6
1
2
0.5
0.5
0.02
0.02
0.5
0.5
4
4
7
1
0.3
0.01
0.5
2
LAND
PREPARATION
BLOCK DESIGN
MAIN ROAD
1000 M
COLLECTION ROAD
1000 M
COLLECTION ROAD
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
R
O
A
D
300 M
300 M
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
R
O
A
D
BLOCK DESIGN ON SWAMP AREA
MAIN DRAIN (MAIN CHANNEL)
1000 M
SECONDARY DRAIN
1000 M
Tertiery Drain
SECONDARY DRAIN
S
E
C
O
N
D
A
R
Y
D
R
A
I
N
300 M
300 M
S
E
C
O
N
D
A
R
Y
D
R
A
I
N
OUTLET OF DRAIN PERFORMANCE
X
ѵ
LAND
PREPARATION
Individual TERRACE
BEFORE
A
2m
2m
D
B
C
E
AFTER
2m
2m
D
B
10 – 15o
E
Individual TERRACE
D
0.3 m
B
E
ditch
1 – 1.5 m
2.5 - 3 m
D
B
E
Planting
Hole
PLANTING HOLE
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM
60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM
40 CM
40 CM
60 CM X 60 CM X 40 CM
PLANTING HOLE
Top soil
Sub soil
TOP SOIL
SUB SOIL
seedling
60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM
Top soil
Sub soil
60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM
North
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
9.2 M X 9.2 M X 9.2 M (TRIANGLE)
9.2 M
9.2 M
9.2 M
9.2 M
7.96 M
7.96 M
HOW TO
DESIGN IT?
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
9.2 M X 9.2 M X 9.2 M (TRIANGLE)
9.2 M
9.2 M
9.2 M
?
9.2 M
c
b
a
4.6 M
PHYTAGORAS THEOREME :
c2
= a2 + b2
b2 = c2 – a2
= (9.2)2 – (4.6)2
= 84.64 – 21.16
= 63.48
b = Ѵ63.48
= 7.96
F
A
G
COMPARATION OF
THE AREA OF :
ABC
DFAB
D
B
E
C
North
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
TEMPORARY STAKE (1 M)
REAL STAKE (1 M)
MOTHER STAKE (2 M)
4.6 M
ROAD
4.6 M
4.6 M
1.99 M
7.96 M
7.96 M
2.30 M
ROAD
7.96 M
North
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
4.6 M
ROAD
4.6 M
4.6 M
1.99 M
7.96 M
7.96 M
2.30 M
ROAD
7.96 M
North
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
9.2 M
9.2 M
4.6 M
ROAD
4.6 M
4.6 M
1.99 M
7.96 M
7.96 M
2.30 M
ROAD
North
STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE
9.2 M
9.2 M
9.2 M
9.2 M
7.96 M
7.96 M
CALCULATING PALM POPULATION
POPULATION
= FIELD AREA / AREA OF STAKE
POPULATION of a x a x a (triangle space)
1 HA = 10.000 M2
a
a
►
a
10.000 M2
POPULATION / HA = ------------AREA OF
10.000
= -------------½ a x aV3
M2
Example :
Oil Palm plantation area 12 000 ha,
planting space 9.2 m x 9.2 m x 9.2 m (triangle)
Total palm population ?
Field Area = 12 000 ha
= 12 000 x 10 000 m2
= 120 000 000 m2
120 000 000 m2
Population = -----------------------½ (9.2) x (9.2)V3 m2
120 000 000
= ------------------4.6 x 9.2 x 1.732
120 000 000
= ------------------= 1 637 147 palms
73.29824
Or
Population
=
=
=
=
=
10 000 m2
-----------------------½ (9.2) x (9.2)V3 m2
10 000
------------------4.6 x 9.2 x 1.732
10.000
------------------73.29824
136.4
136 palms / ha (rounded)
Total Population of 12,000 ha
= 12,000 x 136
= 1,632,000 palms
NURSERY OF OIL PALM
2 STAGES :
1. PRE NURSERY ( 3 MONTHS)
2. MAIN NURSERY ( 12 MONTHS)
SEED SELECTING
ABNORMAL SEED
NORMAL SEED
SEED
CALCULATION
FFB PRODUCTIVITY OF CERTIFIED VS UNCERTIFIED SEEDS
Age
(yr)
Productivity
(ton FFB/ha/year)
Age
(yr)
Productivity
(ton FFB/ha/year)
Certified seed Uncertified seed
Certified seed
Uncertified seed
3
6.80
2.72
16
23.50
9.40
4
12.00
4.80
17
22.00
8.80
5
14.50
5.80
18
21.00
8.40
6
17.00
6.80
19
20.00
8.00
7
22.00
8.80
20
19.00
7.60
8
24.50
9.80
21
18.00
7.20
9
26.00
10.40
22
17.00
6.80
10
26.00
10.40
23
16.00
6.40
11
26.00
10.40
24
15.00
6.00
12
26.00
10.40
25
14.00
5.60
13
26.00
10.40
Total
461.80
184.72
14
25.00
10.00
Average
20.1
8.0
15
24.50
9.80
PRE NURSERY (3 MONTHS)
1. Bed preaparation, size 1.2 m (width), + 8.0 m
(length)
2. Bed shading by paranet or palm leaf
3. seed selecting
4. Media and equipment preparation
5. Soil sieving for plant media
6. Media (topsoil) is filled into baby Polybag
7. Seed planting on baby polybag
8. Maintenance (watering, weeding, fertilizing, pest
control)
9. Thining out of defected seedlings (+ 5 – 10 %)
PRE NURSERY (3 MONTHS)
0.5 m
1.2 m
sand 2 cm
Top
soil
Soil
siever
Top
soil
0.5 m
Bamboo
1.2 m
0.5 m
Baby polybag
MAIN NURSERY (12 months)
1. Media (soil) peparation
2. Watering Installation (pipe / sprinkle / drip
irrigation)
3. Media are filled into polybag (20 kg soil /
polybag)
4. Seedling planting (polybag space 90 cm x
90 cm x 90 cm)
5. Maintenance (watering, weeding,
mulching, fertilizing, pest management)
6. Thinning out of defected seedlings) (+ 5 –
10 %)
Criteria of good seedling
1. Healthy and vigorous seedling
2. Uniform growth
3. Free from pest and disease
4. Seedling morphology at 1 year age :
- Height > 125 cm
- Stem Diameter + 6.0 cm
- Total of + 18 leaves
GERMINATED SEED CALCULATION (per ha)
1. Seeds on pre nursery
= 100 %
- damage during transportation =
4%
- seedling dead
=
4%
- abnormal
=
4%
Seedlings: transplanted to main nursery = 88 %
2. Seedling on main nursery
= 88 %
- seedling dead
=
3%
- thinning out I (abnormal)
=
5%
- thinning out II (abnormal)
=
3%
- thinning out III (abnormal)
=
2%
Seedlings: transplanted to the field
3. Palms: dead, disease on the field
(replanting)
= 75 %
= 5%
Assumption
Palm population/ha
Replanting 5 %
= 136 palms / ha
= 5% x 136 palms
= 6.8
(or 7 palms rounded)
GS needed :
(136 + 7) x 100 GS
= 191 GS/ha
75
GS = germinated seeds
MAIN NURSERY AREA = 1.0 – 1.5 % x FIELD AREA
Means :
1 ha of main nursery for 70 – 100 ha field planting
area
Number of seedlings per ha depend on field
planting space.
Calculation of
Field planting area can be supplied by one hectare
main nursery
Main
nursery
space (m)
number Dead
of
Seedling
seedling (3 %)
/ ha
Sub
total
Thinning transplant
out (10 %) to the field
(incl 10%)
Planting
area
(ha)
1.0 x 1.0 x
1.0
11,500
345
11,155
1,115
10,040
66.9
0.9 x 0.9 x
0.9
14,300
429
13,871
1,387
12,484
83.2
0.85 x 0.85
x 0.85
16,000
480
15,520
1,552
13,968
93.1
0.8 x 0.8 x
0.8
18,064
542
17,522
1,752
15,770
105.1
0.75 x 0.75
x 0.75
20,552
616
19,936
1,993
17,943
119.6
ABNORMAL SEEDLING
(THINNING OUT)
Grass –like
leaves
Grass –like
leaves
Poly embrionic
Twisted leaves
Dwarf
Chimera
Erect
Wide internode
Abnormal crown
Fe deficiency
Crown disease
Rolled leaf
Abnormal Budding
shoot
Narrow internode
Etiolation
Unopened leaf
Rolled growth seedling
Apogonia infested
Curve growth
Plasmolysis
ABNORMAL IMMATURE PALM
(THINNING OUT)
Crown disease
Rolled Leaf
Narrow internode
Male flowering only
Upright crown
infested By Oryctes
MATURE PALM
ABNORMALITY