Progress of Disaster Management
Administration in Japan
October 20 (Thurs), 2011
Shingo KOCHI (Mr.)
Disaster Reduction Learning Center (DRLC)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Disaster Reduction Learning Center（DRLC）
HYOGO
Prefectural Gov.
HYOGO Pref. Gov.
Utilizing experiences
from Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake
to support people
suffered from natural
disasters in developing
countries
Co-establishment
Utilizing Japan’s
disaster risk management
to foster those people
who will be involved in
disaster in developing
countries
DRLC
DRL
Hyogo Prefectural Gov. and JICA make a joint effort
Hazards Confronting Vulnerable
Communities Cause Disasters
Disasters
Hazard
(risk assessment)
Vulnerability
3
(societal conditions)
Less Disasters
Disasters
Hazard
(risk assessment)
Vulnerability
(societal conditions)
The Holistic Approach to cope with Disasters
-The Japanese Experience (persons)
The number of casualties and the missing caused by natural disasters in Japan
6481
6062
5868
Hanshin-Awaji
(Kobe)
Earthquake
4897
East Japan
EQ and
Tsunami
Approx. 20000
Ise-wan
Typhoon
1945
1950
1959
1970
1980
1990 1995 2000
(year)
5
Severe Damage caused by
Series of Typhoons
Year
Typhoon
Death Toll
1945
Makurazaki Typhoon
3,756
1947
Catherine Typhoon
1,930
1948
Ion Typhoon
838
1950
Jane Typhoon
539
1951
Ruth Typhoon
943
1954
Toyamaru Typhoon
1,761
(with big ferry shipwreck)
1958
Kanogawa Typhoon
1,269
1959
Ise-wan Typhoon
5,098
6
Aleutian trench
North American plate
Eurasian plate
Himalaya
Kuril trench
Japan trench
Caribbean
plate
Mariana trench
Arabian plate
Philippine Sea
plate
African
plate
Cocos
plate
Mid-Atlantic
ridge
Pacific plate
Australian plate
Subduction zone
Indistinct plate boundary
Ridge and transform fault
Plate movement
Distribution of
earthquakes of the world
(M≧4.0 100Km or less depth, 1975-1994)
［Science chronology, 1997］
Nazca
plate
Antarctic plate
South American plate
Plate boundaries of
the world
Japan and Its Surroundings.
Historical Earthquake Record around Japan
1983 South East of Hokkaido Eq.
Eurasia Plate
1896 Meiji-Sanriku Eq.
1933 Showa-Sanriku Eq.
1983 Sea of Japan Eq.
1923 Kanto Eq.
1854 Ansei-Tokai Eq.
1854 Ansei-Nankai Eq.
Philippines Sea Plate
coordination system among jurisdictions in case of
wide-are disaster. (e.g. Tonankai-Nankai Eq. )
Maximum Seismic Intensity (Japanese Scale) by city-wise jurisdictions
In case of prospect Tokai-Tonankai-Nankai Eq. (Data source: Central Dis. Prev. Council.)
Japan’s Government System
3 Layers of Government
National Government
(Prime Minister is elected by the National Diet)
47 Prefectural Government
(Governor is elected by the residents)
Largest Prefecture: Tokyo 13.1 million
Smallest Prefecture: Tottori 0.6 million
(Population data based on national census in 2011)
1,750 Cities, Towns, Villages Municipal Government
(Mayor is elected by the residents)
(as of March 2011)
The National Government
Financial Services
Agency
Cabinet Office
Cabinet
Cabinet Secretariat
Ministry of Internal Affairs
and Communications
National Public
Safety Commission
Fire and Disaster
Management Agency
Minister of State for
Disaster Management
Ministry of Justice
Minister of State for Regulatory
Reform, Administrative Reform,
Regional Revitalization and
Regional Government
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Finance
Minister of Economic
and Fiscal Policy
Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology
Minister of Okinawa and
Northern Territories Affairs,
Science and Technology Policy,
Innovation, Gender Equality,
Social Affairs and Food Safety
Ministry of Health,
Labor and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
Forestry Agency
Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry
Japan Meteorological Agency
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport
Japan Coast Guard
Ministry of the Environment
Geographical Survey Institute
Ministry of Defense
National Police
Agency
The Prime Minister is
the Head of
the Cabinet and is
the Chairman of the Central
Disaster Management Council
12
Organizational Chart of Central Disaster
Management Council.
Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in
Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011
Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in
Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011
Ministry of Defense
Police Department, Fire Agency and
Japan Coast Guard
1959 Ise-Wan Typhoon was
the Epoch-Making Turning Point
Response oriented approach to
preventive approach
• Individual approach to comprehensive
multi-sectoral approach
• Investment for disaster reduction
•
17
Disaster Countermeasures
Basic Act 1961
Central Disaster Management Council chaired by the Prime
Minister
National Coordinating Body with all relevant Ministers &
Japanese Red Cross, Public Broadcasting, Semi-Public Sectors
Annual Gov’t Official Report on Disaster Countermeasures
The Cabinet must officially report the disaster countermeasures
to the National Diet
Formulation of “National Basic Disaster Management Plan
for Disaster Prevention”
The Disaster Management Operation Plan (Sectoral)
The Local Disaster Management Plan
Designation of “Disaster Prevention Day”
18
Outline of the Disaster Management System
Structure of Basic Disaster Management Plan
Natural Disasters
Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures
Storm and Flood
Countermeasures
Volcano Disaster
Countermeasures
Snow Disaster
Countermeasures
Accident Disasters
Maritime Disaster
Countermeasures
Aviation Disaster
Countermeasures
Nuclear Disaster
Countermeasures
Hazardous Materials
Disaster Countermeasures
Railroad Disaster
Countermeasures
Road Disaster
Countermeasures
Large-Scale Fire
Forest Fire Disaster
Disaster Countermeasures
Countermeasures
Addressing all the disaster phases
Disaster Prevention
And Preparedness
Disaster
Emergency Response
Disaster Recovery and
Rehabilitation
Tangible countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder
National government
Local government
Residents
20
Emphasis on Strong Link of Information Flow
among Various Sectors
Stronger Coordination among various gov’t sectors & Red
Cross
Involvement of Semi-Public Sectors
Electric Companies, Railway Companies, Public Broadcasting etc.
Investment for Disaster Prevention
Flood Control & Land Conservation Works
Forest Conservation
Meteorological Observation Mt. Fuji Rader Site, Meteo-Sats
Emergency Telecommunication Systems
Great Success
in decreasing Typhoon & Flood Casualties
21
Efforts for Disaster Prevention
Recovery
Rehabilitation
Prevention
Mitigation
Building nation and communities
resilient to disasters
Emergency
Response
Preparedness
Improvement of Disaster Prevention Facilities
- Observation equipment such as meteorological satellites, weather observation
radar and seismometers
- Systems for communicating emergency information such as
telecommunications and broadcasting facilities etc.
National Land Conservation
- Soil conservation, River improvement, Construction of dams for flood control,
Soil erosion control, Landslide prevention, Coastline conservation,
Agricultural land and facilities disaster management etc.
Disaster Awareness & Knowledge, Disaster Management Drill
2
Local Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations and Volunteer Activities
-Regional Planning
-Social Infrastructure Works
-Agriculture & Forestry
-Health & Sanitation
-Environment
Civil Protection &
Relief
National
Coordinating Bodies
Local Gov’ts, Communities, Mass Media, NGOs
People
Meteorology
Hydrology
Seismology
Volcanology
Scientific &
Engineering
Research
Major changes of Regulation/Law
Year
1959
Regulation and Law to be revised
Ise-wan Typhoon
⇒Disaster
1978
Countermeasures Basic Act (1961)
Miyagi-ken oki Earthquake
⇒Amendment
1995
of Building Standards Law (1981)
Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
⇒Act
for Supporting Livelihood Recovery of
Victims (1999)
⇒Self-Defense Force
1995 Kobe Earthquake (17 Jan. 1995, Mag. 7.3 )
was the 2nd Epoch-Making Turning Point
Casualty
Death: 6,434
80 % were killed by building collapse (crush and suffocation)
Injured: 43,792
Damage to
buildings
Housing:639,686 units
- 104,906 completely destroyed
- 144,274 half destroyed
Public buildings destroyed: 1579units
Other buildings destroyed: 40,917 units
Fire
Fire outbreaks: 293 units
25
Kobe Earthquake
6,434 deaths
Direct loss
: 5,520
Relevant loss :
914
80% immediately killed by building collapse
surgeon general’s report
Prevention & Mitigation
Ensure Building Safety !
Preparedness
Public Awareness
Disaster
Manager’s
Proper Action
Characteristics of Stricken Area
•
Directly hit the Metropolitan area
-Major Center for Government, Economic
and Culture with 3.6million
•
Capital of Prefecture
-Local Governments (Prefecture, Cities)
Headquarter were also heavily destroyed
-Government Officials including Disaster
Management Experts were also victims
27
Lesson 1
Delay of First Response due to
lack of information
Damaged Headquarter
• Local Government Command initially paralyzed
• Destroyed almost all traffic system
• Telecommunication, even satellite
telecommunication system were cut off due to
power failure
⇒ It took three days to grasp the entire picture of
damage
•
28
Kobe Municipal Government
Headquarter
2
HYOGO Prefectural Government
Headquarter
3
Difficultly in Communication at
HYOGO Prefecture Headquarter
3
National Countermeasure 1
Establishment of the Cabinet Information
Collection Center
• Enhanced Governmental System
-Minister of State for Disaster Management
-Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management
• Development of Disaster Information
System(DIS)
-Early Estimation System
•
-Emergency Measure Support System
32
Seismic Intensity
Observation Point
March, 2011
JMA: 600points, Local Gov. 3,800
(Before the Earthquake 150points)
●
▲
Meteorological Agency
Local Government
33
Lesson 2
Coordination among organizations
Damage was too huge for local governments
to cope with
• Local government could not request
the National government or other agencies
to help because headquarter itself was
damaged
• Medical cooperation was not effective enough
•
34
National Countermeasure 2
•
Nation wide support system for disaster
emergency response
- National Police Agency, Fire and Disaster
Management Agency, Coast Guard and
Self Defense Forces
- Inter-Prefectures Mutual Support Agreement
- Medical transport Action Plan
- Designation of Emergency Hospital
- Designation of Heliport
35
Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in
Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011
36
Case Study
Typhoon Nabi(No.14) 2005
Typhoon Nabi T0512
Central Pressure: 935hPa (min925)
Maximum Wind Speed: 45m/s (max50)
Storm Warning Area: 300km
Hurricane Katrina
Central Pressure: 902hPa
Maximum Wind Speed: 75m/s
Storm Warning Area: 140～220km
Precautions by Government

Strong Warning by JMA

5 September High Level
Emergency Response Team
Convened 1day Prior to Landfall
•5 Action Points Decided

5 September Call to the Public by
the Chief Secretary of the Cabinet
3
The Challenges Ahead in Japan
•
How can we decrease casualties by possible Earthquakes !
- Retrofit / Rebuild old existing houses & buildings
- Affix furniture and adhere protective films on old windows
- Encourage companies to make their own contingency plans etc.
•
How can we decrease casualties by possible Tsunamis !
- Distribute Tsunami Hazard Maps
- Disseminate Tsunami Warning effectively
- Ensure that people run immediately to safe place etc.
• How can we further decrease casualties by Typhoons &
Floods !
- Effective advance evacuation warnings for elderly & disabled
- Distribute Flood Hazard Maps etc.
39
Proverb by Japanese Physics Scientist
Dr. Torahiko TERADA (1878-1935)
「天災は忘れた頃にやってくる」
Natural Disasters will hit us by the
Time people have forgotten about it”
“
40
Dear all the guests from
Armenia, Guatemala, Honduras, Laos,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama,
Philippines, and Solomon Islands.
Thank you very much for your attention.
From JICA Hyogo/ Disaster Reduction Learning Center