INTERNATIONAL WATERS IN AFRICA
COOPERATION AND GROWTH
April 11, 2013
Gustavo Saltiel
Program Manager, CIWA
A Multi-Donor Program Supporting
Cooperation in International Waters in Africa
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: (1)
EXTREME EVENTS
High Climate Variability
Africa’s resilience
hinges on its
management of
water
Drought
s
Floods
Total number of people affected
annually (in thousands)
Drought Exposure
2
Flood Exposure
Coastal Storms/Cyclones
3,000
2,500
MENA
2,000
AFR
DEVELOPMENT
CHALLENGES: (2)
ENERGY NEEDS
NA
1,500
LAC
EAP
1,000
ECA
500
0
2,000
1,800
2108
(United States consumption - 11994 kWh/yr/capita)
1,600
1,400
Morocco
114
World Average
% of potential tapped
Cost more than 5% of GDP in Malawi, Uganda
and South Africa, and 1-5% in Senegal, Kenya
and Tanzania (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia,
2010).
Senegal
29
Burkina Faso
204
38
Uganda
Power Outages, Days per Year, 2007–08
Ghana
55
Kenya
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Cameroon
0
Tanzania
126
200
21
400
85
600
430
581
800
900
500 kWh/capita-year minimum consumption
for reasonable quality of life
Egypt
1,000
Algeria
1,200
184
Elec consumption (kWh/yr)/Capita
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Electricity Generation (Billion Kwh)
3,500
Potential and actual hydropower generation in
different regions
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
N America
Europe
S America
Asia (including China)
Africa
0.0
0.5
31.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Economically-feasible potential (millions of GWh/year)
4.0
Basic services need scaling
Data Source: UN Agglomerations Population Data up to meet the needs of fast
growing populations &
Growing
Cities
Areas that contribute
to Africa’s GDP
Urban
Areas: Cities
with Population greater than 1 million
urbanization
15
million
Lagos
Dakar
8.7 million
5.6 million
Kinshas
a
2025
Cairo
Khartou
m
Dar-esSalaam
Gross Cell Product
in 2005
(1995 US$, billions)
2010
Population in 2000
Cape Town
Sources: FAO based on UN
Statistics Division, 2008
Source: The World Bank AFR Water Resources in a Changing Climate, 2010
based on data from GECON GDP Dataset, Yale University 2010
WORLDBANK
AFRICA
Spatial Services
Helpdesk
Data Sources: GPWv3 (CIESIN and CIAT, 2005)
DEVELOPMENT
CHALLENGES: (3)
POP. GROWTH &
URBANISATION
Africa needs growth and adaptive capacity to cope with rising
temperatures, sea levels, and precipitation uncertainty.
Level above Jinja gauge (m)
14
5
DEVELOPMENT
CHALLENGES: (4)
CLIMATE CHANGE
High variability in lake levels (e.g. Lake Victoria)
13
12
11
10
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Sea levels will rise…
• Historical Climate variability is high (e.g. temp, precipitation)
• Temperatures and sea levels are expected to rise with
climate change
• Implications on future precipitation and runoff is uncertain
(climate models do not agree for most basins)
Need for Transformative Activities to Scale
The Transformative Program will address development
challenges in Africa through interventions in:
• Irrigation and water use efficiency for agriculture
• Watershed management
• Flood and other disaster risk reduction
• Power production and transmision
• Technical capacity building and knowledge systems
As many of the transformative projects involve water as a
primary resource, they must be developed in a coordinated
manner, so as not to foreclose future development opportunities
or to impact negatively on other development. Hence, the need
for a regional, basin approach.
What is CIWA?
Cooperation of International Waters in Africa
• Supports cooperative management and
development of transboundary river
basins, lakes, and aquifers in Sub-Saharan
Africa with a focus on sustainable,
climate-resilient growth
• Incorporates lessons learned from past
World Bank engagement with clients on
transboundary water issues in the Nile,
Niger, Zambezi, and Senegal river basins
• Retains program flexibility to respond to
demands, needs, and opportunities specific
to the context of client basins
CIWA’s Strategic Positioning
CIWA is strategically positioned to work with regional and
country level organizations to map out strategies that improve
resiliency and promote sustainable growth through
transformative projects.
• Cooperation among riparians and a regional development approach
•
•
•
•
has the potential for a multiplier effect
CIWA’s program flexibility allows for a wide variety of engagements
(analytical work, institutional strengthening, investment)
CIWA enables development partners harmonization in water
management and development in Africa
CIWA’s positioning within the World Bank allows it to build upon a
deep, long-standing partnership with recipient countries
Moreover, CIWA intends to be a “catalyzer” for growth through
provision of “just-in-time”, specific analytical work
Transformative Projects in Africa (1)
Pwalugu Multipurpose Project (Ghana, Burkina Faso, Volta River
Authority – Volta Basin)
•
Generates substantial multi-sector benefits – irrigation, hydropower, fisheries, water
supply, flood control – to meet growing regional economic needs
Lesotho Highlands Water Project – Phase 2 (Lesotho, South Africa)
•
•
•
Affirms Lesotho as the ‘water tower’ of southern Africa
Provides water critical for sustainable growth in South Africa’s water scarce Gauteng
Region; Major source of potential revenue for Lesotho
Possibility to include energy production through pumped storage
Africa Hydromet Program (Africa-wide)
•
•
•
Reduces vulnerability to floods and droughts; improves resilience to climate risks
Improves performance of water infrastructure b(e.g. by providing flow forecasting)
Enhances regional cooperation
Transformative Projects in Africa (2)
Rehabilitation of Lake Chad (Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon – Niger
Basin)
•
•
Potential to imapct 22 million people in region that depend on Lake Chad’s resources
Rapidly diminishing Lake Chad (10% of size 40 years ago – 2,500 of 25,000km2) is
situated in a strategic geographic area
Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (Kenya – Nile
Basin)
•
•
Improves economic livelihoods and reduces migration and social conflict
Improves quality of investment planning, preparation, and decision-making for water
security and climate resilience – so that Government of Kenya pursues the most
transformational new projects
Nile Equatorial Lakes Water Resource Development (Burundi,
Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)
•
•
Provides irrigation, hydropower, water access, land management to impoverished
areas
Targets watersheds of regional significance in the Nile; develops in sustainable
manner
Supporting Cooperation through Investments in
Development
Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric Project
• 80MW run of the river hydropower plant on the Kagera River
on the Tanzania-Rwanda border
• Flagship project for the Nile Basin – first of regional investment
projects prepared under NBTF
• Total US$430M: 340M IDA, 90M AfDB
• Transmission lines to Rwanda, Tanzania, Burundi
• Roughly 26MW to each country – half of current installed
capacity in Burundi, and a third of that in Rwanda!
• Minimum impact due to RoR design; detailed resettlement
Focusing on an important investment priority has enhanced
cooperation among riparians and Nile Basin governments in
general