Radiale simmetrie
Elke embrio begin
as ‘n bol selle – en
vandaar ontwikkel
die sellae
Weefsellae
Endoderm – SVK
Mesoderm - interne
organe
Ektoderm – vel en
senuweestelsel
AANTAL LAE VAN DIE LIGGAAM
 Elke embrio begin as ‘n bol selle – en vandaar
ontwikkel die sellae
 Endoderm – SVK
 Mesoderm - interne organe
 Ektoderm – vel en senuweestelsel
 SODRA ‘N MESODERM IN ‘N ORGANISME
TEENWOORDIG IS, IS DIE ORGANISME IN STAAT OM
KOMPLEKSE EN DOELTREFFENDE ORGAANSTELSELS
TE ONTWIKKEL
NUMBER OF BODY LAYERS
 Each embryo starts as a ball of cells – and move
into different cell layers
 Endoderm – Digestive system
 Mesoderm - internal organs
 Ectoderm – skin and nervous system
 ONCE A MESODERM IS PRESENT IN AN EMBRYO, THE
ORGANISM IS ABLE TO DEVELOP COMPLEX AND
EFFICIENT ORGAN SYSTEMS
Coelom/ Seloom
BODY CAVITY / LIGGAAMSHOLTE
BELANGRIKHEID VAN SELOOM (Rompholte)
IMPORTANCE OF A COELOM
 It keeps the
INTERNAL ORGANS
separated from the
outer layer of the
body – so that the
internal organs can
MOVE and GROW on
their own.
 Dit hou die
INTERNE ORGANE
afsonderlik van die
buitenste laag van
die liggaam – sodat
die organe op hul
eie kan BEWEEG en
GROEI.
Kingdoms/Koninkryke
FILOGENETIESE BOME
 ‘n Filogenetiese boom wys hoe naby twee groepe
verwant aan mekaar is.
 Dis ‘n hipotese oor die geskiedenis van ‘n groep
organismes op grond van ‘n spesifieke stel eienskappe.
 Die boom toon ‘n VOOROUER aan die ONDERKANT.
 ‘n Voorouer is die eerste spesie wat ‘n nuwe ryk, filum
of ander groep organismes begin vorm het.
 Die voorouer van ALLE diere is die KOLONIALE
PROTISTE
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
 A phylogenetic tree shows how closely two groups are
related.
 It’s a hypothesis about the history of a group of
organisms based on a particular set of chatacteristics.
 A tree shows the ANCESTOR at the BASE.
 An ancestor is the first species that began a new
kingdom, phylum or other group of organisms.
 The ancestor of ALL animals are COLONIAL PROTISTS.
D: The original ancestral stock
continues to evolve and
diversifies to become Phylum 3
C: A new species diverges from
the branch leading to Phylum 1.
This species is successful and it
diversifies and becomes Phylum 2.
C
D
B
B: this is a point of DIVERGENCE where a
new species evolved from the ancestral
stock (Note the ancestral stock continues to exist)
A
–It may undergo evolutionary change.
A: At the base of the tree, “Ancestral stock”
means that all the taxonomic groups (phyla)
above the trunk descended from a common
ancestor
D: Die oorspronklike
voorouerlike familie hou aan
ontwikkel om Filum 3 te word.
C: ‘n Nuwe spesie wyk uit die tak
af wat tot Filum 1 lei. Hierdie
spesie is suksesvol, dit
diversifiseer en word Filum 2.
C
D
B
B: Dis die punt van AFWYKING waar ‘n
nuwe spesie uit die voorouer ontwikkel
het. (Let daarop dat die voorouerlike familie
A
voortbestaan )–mag moontlik self evolusionêre
verandering ondergaan.
A: Onderaan die boom sien jy “Voorouerlike
familie”. Dit beteken dat al die taksonomiese
groepe (filums) bo die onderkant van die
boom van ‘n gemeenskaplike voorouer
afkomstig is.
Classification of Animals
COMPARISON OF BODY PLANS OF
THE DIFFERENT PHYLA IN RELATON
WITH DIFFERENT MODES OF LIFE
VERGELYKING VAN
LIGGAAMSPLANNE VAN
VERSKILLENDE FILA (FILUMS) T.O.V.
LEEFWYSES
Symmetr
y
Tissue
layers
Coelom
Throughgut
Porifera
700mya
Cnidaria
700 mya
Platyhelm
inthes
550 mya
Annelida
700 mya
Arthropod
a
Chordata
ASYMMETRI
CAL
sessile
RADIAL
BILATERA
L
BILATERA
L
BILATERA
L
BILATERA
L
NONE
But multicellular
(2 layers of
cells t not a
tissue)
TWO
THREE
THREE
THREE
THREE
diploblastic
Triploblastic
Triploblastic
Triploblastic
Triploblastic
Only a
central
cavity
No, only a
coelentero
n
Absent
acoelomati
c
present
present
present
No gut
No through
gut – one
mouth
opening
No
gut
present
present
present
Simmetrie
Weefsellae
Seloom/
rompholte
Deurlopen
de SVK
Porifera
700 mjg
Cnidaria
700 mjg
Platyhel
minthes
550 mjg
Annelida
700 mjg
Arthropo
da
570mjg
Chordata
ASYIMME
TRIES
sessiel
RADIAAL
GEEN
multisellulêr
(2 sellae
geen
weefsels)
TWEE
THREE
THREE
THREE
THREE
diploblasties
Triploblasties
Triploblasties
Triploblasties
Triploblasties
Slegs
sentrale
holte
Nee, slegs
‘n
selenteron
Afwesig
a
Ja
Ja
Ja
Nee
Nee
Enkele
mondope
ning
Nee
Ja
Ja
Ja
BILATERA BILATERA BILATERA BILATERA
AL
AL
AL
AL
Porifera
SEESPONSE
SEA SPONGES
Kenmerke van Porifera
•
alle sponse leef in water
• groei aanhoudend
• asimmetries
• groot kolonies individuele
selle
• werk as ‘n eenheid saam
• op sellulêre organisasievlak
• sessiele diere
• filtreervoeders
Spicules (crystals) that form
skeleton of sponges
Cnidaria
Hollow bodies
Holtediere
Characteristics of Cnidaria
 lives in water
 diploblastic
 soft-bodied (hydrostatic







skeleton)
true tissues - no organs
acoelomatic
radial symmetrical
all carnivores
contain nematocysts
have coelenteron/enteron
mouth is only opening
Bloublasie
Platyhelminthes
Eienskappe van Platyhelminthes
 plat wurms
 sagte liggame (hidrostatiese







skelet)
leef in water
bilaterale simmetrie
baie is parasiete
konsentrasie van senuwees in
voorpunt van liggaam
triploblasties
acoelomaties
nie deurlopende dermkanaal
Planaria
 Free-living flatwurm
 Do not live in hosts
 Contain concentration of
nerve material at the front
 Have eyespots to
distinquish between light
and dark
Liggaamslae van Planaria
Life cycle of the tapeworm
Bilharzia
Annelida
Gesegmenteerde wurms
Segmented worms
Eienskappe van Annelida
 gesegmenteerde wurms
 leef in vogtige habitats
 bilaterale simmetrie
 besit ‘n seloom
 deurdermkanaal bestaan
uit verskillende dele
 besit goed ontwikkelde
stelsels
 triploblasties
Examples of Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Kenmerke van Arthropoda:
 grootste groep van diere
 triploblasties
 bilateraal simmetries
 deurdermkanaal
 besit eksoskelet
 meeste ondergaan metamorfose
 liggaam gesegmenteerd
 liggaam verdeel in streke
 besit gelede aanhangsels
Class Insecta
Characteristics of Insecta
 Three pairs of legs
 Head, thorax and abdomen
 One pair of antennae
 Two compound eyes
 Three simple eyes
 Body is segmented
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Phylum Artropoda
Class Crustacea
Klas Crustacea
Kenmerke van Crustacea
 Kopborsstuk en agterlyf
 Twee paar gelede spriete
 Een paar saamgestelde oë
 Asemhaling deur kieue
 Vyf paar pote
Class Arachnida
Klas Arachnida
Kenmerke van Arachnida
 Kopborsstuk en abdomen
 Geen spriete
 Vier paar pote
 Asemhaling deur boeklonge
 Slegs enkelvoudige oë
Housefly (insect): Vector of cholera
Proboscis of the housefly used to
suck up moist food
Symptoms of cholera:
 diarrhea
 vomiting
 muscle cramps
 dehydration
 intense thirst
 cold skin
 kidney failure
Tsetsevlieg: Draer van slaapsiekte
Dra die patogene oor tussen mens en
beeste
Slaapsiekte veroorsaak
 koors
 swakheid
 slapeloosheid in die nag
 Hoofpyn
 lomerigheid
 kan tot die dood lei
Tick: Vector of tick-biting fever
Symptoms
 muscle or joint ache
 stiff neck
 headache
 weakness
 fever
 swollen lymph nodes
 flu-like symptoms
Muskiet: Draer van malaria
Simptome van malaria:
 hoofpyn
 spierpyn
 moegheid
 naarheid
Wyfie Anopheles
 diarree
Malaria life cycle
Phylum Chordata (met notochord)
Chordata
Kenmerke van Chordata:
 triploblasties
 seloom teenwoordig
 bilateraal simmetries
 goed ontwikkelde stelsels
 besit ‘n endoskelet
 dorsaal geleë staaf bindweefsel
(notochord) - werwelkolom
 sentrale senuweestelsel
Phylum Chordata
Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata
Super Class: Pisces
Class Osteichthyes
Benige skelet
Class Chondrichthyes
Kraakbeenskelet
Dermal scales, streamlined body, lay eggs, external fertilization,
ectothermic
Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Thin moist skin for breathing, lay eggs,
Ectothermic, external fertilization,
metamorphosis
Frogs
Salamander (mud puppy) –
Not in SA
Toads
Klas Reptilia
Ectothermic, epidermal scales, lay eggs or ovoviviparous,
Internal fertilization, lungs for breathing
Class Aves
Feathers for flight, forelimbs adapted to wings, beaks of horn
endothermic, lay eggs, scales on feet
Klas Mammalia
Hairy bodies, mammary glands, endothermic, pinnae
Echinodermata
Invertebrates in ecosystems
Plant grazers
Decomposition and recycling
Invertebrata in die landbou
Grondbemesting
Grondbelugting
Plaagbestryding
Skilpadbesie vreet plantluise
Mantis vreet sprinkaan
Nuttige Insekte
By bestuif blom
Vlinder bestuif Rooidisa
Marketable Products
Mopane worms
Mussels
Bedrywe
Wild
Perlemoen
Animal group
(phylum)
FEATURES
EXAMPLES
SYMMETRY
NUMBER OF
TISSUE LAYERS
PRESENCE/ABSEN
CE OF COELOM
THROUGH GUT
AND OTHER
FEATURES
PORIFERA
Sponges
Asymmetrical
Only cell
differentiation
acoelomate
No through
gut, filter
feeding
CNIDARIA
Jellyfish,
bluebottle,
coral, sea
anemone
Radial
diploblastic
acoelomate
Single opening
to GIC. Sting
cells for killing
prey
PLATYHEL=
MINTHES
Bilharzia,
Worm,
tapeworm
bilateral
triploblastic
acoelomate
Single opening
to gut
ANNELIDA
Eartworm,
leech
bilateral
triploblastic
coelomate
Through gut
ARTHROPODA
Fly, crab,
scorpion,
millepede
bilateral
triploblastic
coelomate
Through gut,
exoskeleton of
chitin
CHORDATA
Barbel, frog, bilateral
snake, eagle,
donkey
triploblastic
coelomate
Through gut,
internal
skeleton made
of bone and
cartilage
Dieregroep
(Filum)
KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE
VOORBEELDE
SIMMETRIE
AANTAL
WEEFSELLAE
AAN/AFWESIGHEID
VAN SELOOM
DEURLOPENDE SVK
EN ANDER
EIENSKAPPE
PORIFERA
Sponse
Assimetries
Slegs
seldifferensiasie
acoelomaat
Geen
deurlopende
SVK,
filtervoeders
CNIDARIA
Jellievis,
bloublasie,
koraal, seeanemoon
Radiaal
diploblasties
acoelomaat
Enkele opening
tot SVK.
Netelselle om
prooi te dood
PLATYHEL=
MINTHES
Bilharzia,
Wurm,
lintwurm
bilateraal
triploblasties
acoelomaat
Enkele opening
tot SVK
ANNELIDA
Erdwurm,
bloedwurm
bilateraal
triploblasties
coelomaat
Deurlopende
SVK
ARTHROPODA
Vlieg, krap,
skerpioen,
duisendpoot
bilateraal
triploblasties
coelomaat
Deurlopende
SVK
Eksoskelet van
chitien
CHORDATA
Baber,
bilateraal
padda, slang,
arend,
donkie
triploblasties
coelomaat
Deurlopende
SVK, skelet van
been en
kraakbeen
Animal group
(phylum)
BODY PLAN
PORIFERA
asymmetrical, no tissues and no coelom; simple but highly specialized
for filter-feeding
CNIDARIA
Radially symmetrical, two tissue layers (diploblastic); no coelom;
single opening to the gastrointestinal cavity. Simple, but possess
highly specialized nematocysts.
PLATYHEL=
MINTHES
Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers (triploblastic); no
coelom (acoelomate); and a single opening to the gut.
ANNELIDA
Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, a coelom, a through-gut.
ARTHROPODA
Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, coelom, through-gut, an
exoskeleton made of chitin
CHORDATA
Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, coelom, through-gut.
Internal skeleton (endoskeleton)made of cartilage and bone.
Dieregroep
(Filum)
LIGGAAMSPLAN
PORIFERA
Assimetries, Slegs seldifferensiasie; acoelomaat; Geen deurlopende
SVK, filtervoeders
CNIDARIA
Radiaal simmetries; diploblasties; acoelomaat; Enkele opening tot
SVK. Netelselle om prooi te dood
PLATYHEL=
MINTHES
Bilateraal simmetries; 3 weefsellae( triploblasties); geen seloom
(acoelomaat); enkele opening na SVK.
ANNELIDA
Bilateraal simmetries; 3 weefsellae( triploblasties); ‘n seloom
(coelomaat); deurlopende SVK.
.
ARTHROPODA
Bilateraal simmetries; 3 weefsellae( triploblasties); ‘n seloom
(coelomaat); deurlopende SVK; eksoskelet van chitien
CHORDATA
Bilateraal simmetries; 3 weefsellae( triploblasties); ‘n seloom
(coelomaat); deurlopende SVK; endoskelet van been en kraakbeen.