Classification
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
1
Aristotle 384 BC
• Classified organisms
as either plants or
animals
2
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
• Classification system
• Taxonomic groups of
related organisms
• Binomial nomenclature
(two names)
• Homo sapiens
• Dermacentor andersoni
3
Taxonomic Groups
4
5
Classification of Man
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
6
Species
• “Species are groups
of actually or
potentially
interbreeding
populations, which
are reproductively
isolated from other
such groups.”
• Reproductively
isolated group
Ernst Mayr
7
Different Species
8
9
*
* Archaea
10
Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
Single celled
Prokaryotic
Make or absorb food
Cell wall
– peptidoglycan
11
Kingdom Archaea
•
•
•
•
Single celled
Prokaryotic
Make or absorb food
DNA
– Similar to Eukaryotic
• Cell wall
– Pseudopeptidoglycan
or protein only
12
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled
• Eukaryotic
• Ingest or produce
food
13
Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall
– Chitin
• Absorb food
14
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall
– Cellulose
• Produce food
– photosynthesis
15
Kingdom Animalia
•
•
•
•
•
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Ingest food
Motile
16
Terminology
• Classification
– Assigning organisms to
different catagories based
on their relationship
• Taxonomy
– The science of naming
organisms
• Systematics
– Determining evolutionary
relationships of organisms
• Phylogeny
– Evolutionary history
17
Cladogram
• Evolutionary
relationship of a
group of organisms
• Each clad (group)
share something in
common
• Ancestral traits are
the oldest
• Derived traits evolved
later
18
Cladogram for Transportation
• Wheels are the most
ancestral
• Wings are the most
derived
19
Construct a Cladogram
20
Gorilla
• Four limbs
• Fur
• Lost tail
21
Tiger
• Four limbs
• Fur
• Tail
22
Lizard
• Four limbs
• Tail
23
Fish
• Tail
24
Chimpanzee
• Four limbs
• Fur
• Lost tail
25
Clad With 4 Limbs
26
Clad With Fur
27
Clad With No Tail
28
Characteristics for Constructing
Cladogram
•
•
•
•
Tail is the most ancestral
Four limbs is the oldest derived trait
Fur is a later derived trait
Loss of tail is the most derived trait
29
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Tiger
Lizard
Fish
Tail Lost
Fur
Four Limbs
30
Gorilla Tail?
• How do we know the
gorilla lost its tail?
31
Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail
Gorilla
Human
32
Synapomorphy
• A derived character shared by two or more
groups.
– Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups
of mammals.
– Synapomorphies are used to determine
evolutionary relationships
33
Phylogenetic Tree
• Shows evolutionary
relationships
• More historical than
cladogram
34
Uniramia
Echinodermata
Chordata
Lophophorates Chelicerata
Crustacea
Protochordates
Arthropoda
Annelida
Hemichordata
Other
pseudocoelomates
Nematoda
Mesozoa
Sarcomastigophora
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
Microspora
Mollusca
Nemertea
Platyhelminthes
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Placozoa
Porifera
Myxozoa
35
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
36
Fish
•
•
•
•
Fins
Vertebrae
Simple egg
Homodont teeth
37
Amphibian
•
•
•
•
4 limbs
Vertebrae
Simple egg
Homodont teeth
38
Reptile
•
•
•
•
4 limbs
Vertebrae
Amniotic egg
Homodont teeth
39
Bird
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 limbs
Vertebrae
Amniotic egg
No teeth
Feathers
Endothermic
40
Mammal
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 limbs
Vertebrae
Amniotic egg
Heterodont teeth
Fur or hair
Endothermic
41
Birds
Mammals
Reptile
Feathers
Amphibian
Fish
Fur
Endothermic
Amniotic Egg
Four Limbs
Vertebrae
42
Birds
Reptile
Mammals
Feathers
Amphibian
Fish
Fur
Endothermic
Amniotic Egg
Four Limbs
Vertebrae
• Synapomorphies
– Four limbs for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals
– Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds
& mammals
43
Symplesiomorphy
• Character shared by a number of groups
• Inherited from ancestors older than the
last common ancestor.
– Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in
determining evolutionary relationships
44
Birds
Reptile
Mammals
Feathers
Amphibian
Fish
Fur
Endothermic
Amniotic Egg
Four Limbs
Vertebrae
• Symplesiomorphies
– Vertebrae for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals
– Four limbs for reptiles, birds &
mammals
45
Monophyletic
• A group of all the
descendants of a
common ancestor
• The common
ancestor is in the
group
• Example: Mammalia
– Ancestor was a
mammal like reptile
46
Paraphyletic
• A group of
descendants of a
common ancestor
• Common ancestor is
in the group
• Not all descendants
are included
• Example: Reptiles
– Does not include birds
and mammals
47
Polyphyletic
• A group that has
some similarities
• Common ancestor is
in not in the group
• Not all descendants
are included
• Example: Flying
vertebrates
48
Tree of Life
49
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bilateral Symmetry
Fig. 7.9
Sagittal plane
7-9
50
Anatomical Terms
• Anterior
– Head end (front side in upright man)
• Posterior
– Tail end (back side in upright man)
• Dorsal
– Back side
• Ventral
– Belly side
51
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial
– Close to the middle
• Lateral
– Close to the side
• Distal
– Away from the main part
• Proximal
– Close to the main part
52
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral
– End with the mouth
• Aboral
– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic
– Toward head
• Caudal
– Toward tail
53
Bilateral Symmetry
54
Radial Symmetry
55
Asymmetry
56
The End
57