Module 5
模組5
Disease and production
measures of animal welfare
動物福利的疾病與生產評估
This module will enable you to
此模組將使你能夠
• Understand the relationship between
welfare and disease了解動物福利與疾病的關係
• Understand the relationship between
welfare and production了解動物福利與生產力的
關係
• Assess levels of disease and production
評估動物福利程度與生產力水平
Disease and Five Freedoms
疾病與五項自由
• Freedom from hunger and thirst 免除飢渴的自由
• Freedom from discomfort 免除不適的自由
• Freedom from pain, injury and disease 免除痛病傷的自由
• Freedom to express normal behaviour 表現正常行為的自由
• Freedom from fear and distress 免除恐懼焦慮的自由
Disease and pain疾病與痛
• Pain is probably the most important
consequence of (painful) disease痛是疾病最重
要的結果
• Untreated pain can cause sensitisation of the
pain pathway沒有獲得治療的疼痛會導致痛楚神經
線變得異常敏感
– Hyperalgesia痛覺過敏
– Allodynia
• Sensitisation of the central nervous system by
an acute disease may persist for several
months中樞神經對急性疾病所導致的痛的敏感可以
持續數月
Persistence of pain痛的持續
(Ley et al 1995)
5
Threshold
stimulus (N) 2.5
刺激閥
0
Normal
(Not lame)
正常(未跛足)
Lame
跛足
Three months
after lameness
cured跛足治癒
後三個月
Disease and welfare
疾病與動物福利
Poor welfare
福利差
Disease
Disease
疾病
疾病
Poor welfare
福利差
Poor welfare causes disease
動物福利不好會造成疾病
Body
Response
Time
Long term discomfort may
cause disease長期的不適會導致疾病
• Depriving access to a comfortable lying
area may have more significant welfare
implications than simply limiting an
animal’s choices剝奪舒適的躺臥之處對動物福利的
影響比限制動物選擇還要嚴重
• Long term discomfort may cause limb
lesions (e.g. pig bursitis) or lameness (e.g.
dairy cattle)長期不適會使四肢生病(如豬的飛節炎)或
跛腳(如牛)
Example 1: Bursitis--finishing
pig肉豬之飛節炎(Mouttotou et al 1998)
Swellings
caused by
bursitis飛節
炎導致豬蹄腫
脹
Prevalence of bursitis is related to
the comfort of the lying surface
躺臥環境與飛節炎之盛行率有關
Housing conditions
Deep straw + solid floor
Sparse straw + solid floor
Partially slatted
No straw + solid floor
Total slatted
Prevalence of
lesions (%)
42
44
52
54
84
Transport stress and risk of
infection 運輸壓力與感染的風險
• Transport includes several stressors運輸會
有很多壓力
• Diseases may spread quickly會使疾病快速傳播
• The animal’s ability to combat disease is
reduced動物抵抗力會減弱
• e.g.例如
– respiratory disease in
calves小牛的呼吸疾病
Transport & disease: orf in sheep
運輸和疾病:接觸性水泡性皮膚炎
(Gumbrell & McGregor 1997)
Poor welfare also reduces production
動物福利不好也會降低產量
Production
產量
Time時間
Welfare and production福利和產量
Example 1: Mixing pigs不同來源的豬混和運輸
• Mixing unfamiliar pigs
often results in fighting
and skin injuries不熟識
的豬混和運輸會打鬥與皮
膚傷害。
• Persistent fighting is a
stressor that will also
reduce production
performance持續打鬥會
降低生產性能
Fighting among pregnant sows:
Cortisol levels在懷孕母豬間的打鬥:皮質醇濃度
4
Plasma
Cortisol (nmol/l)
3
血清皮質醇(濃度單位)
2
1
0
High Rank
高地位豬
Mendl et al, 1992
Low Rank
低地位豬
Fighting among pregnant sows:
Piglet weight在懷孕母豬間的打鬥:小豬體重
20
Total weight of piglets(kg) 15
小豬總體重(公斤)
10
5
0
High Rank
高地位豬
Low Rank
低地位豬
Mendl et al, 1992
Welfare and production福利與產量
Example 2: Pigs’ interactions with people
豬與人類的互動
• Negative tactile interactions (slaps or brief shocks
with electrical prodders) for 15 - 30 seconds daily每天
15-30秒負面的觸覺互動(打巴掌或短暫電擊等)
• Pigs are less willing to approach stationary humans
豬會不太願意與牧場內的人類接近
Time to interaction with stockman
豬與管理員之互動時間
(Gonyou et al., 1986)
Time to interact
(s)互動的時間
After negative
interaction負互動
After no
interaction無互動
After positive
interaction正互動
0
50
100
150
Pig growth rate肉豬之生長速度
(Gonyou et al., 1986)
Growth rate (g/day) 800
成長速率(克/天)
After negative
interaction負互動
After no
interaction無互動
After positive
interaction正互動
850
900
Quantifying disease and production
疾病與生產之量化
• On-farm observation 現場觀察
• Medicine records 醫療記錄
• Mortality records 死亡率
• Production records 生產力記錄
• Abattoir findings 屠體變化
Quantifying human response to
disease量化 [人對疾病的反應]
• Disease levels and production are useful welfare
indicators. However:疾病狀況和產量是有用的指標，
然而:
– High production does not necessarily mean
high welfare高的產量並不必然表示有高的福利
• It is also important to assess the response
of the stockperson to disease or poor
performance評估管理員對疾病或差的表現的反應是
重要的
– Example: lameness in cows例如:乳牛的跛足
Response of stockperson to lameness
管理員對跛足的反應 (Whay et al, 2003)
• Perception認知
– Does the farmer know how many lame cows
是否知道他/她有多少跛足的牛?
he/ she has?農民
• Evaluation and Action評估和行動
– Does the farmer know the main cause of lameness?農民是否知道他
牧場的牛跛足之主要原因?
– Does the farmer treat lame cows promptly?農夫有立刻去治療嗎?
– Has the farmer an action plan for improvement?農夫有改善的計畫嗎?
– Did the farmer get advice?農夫是否接受建議?
– Is the farmer following the action plan?農夫是否按照計畫去做?
Perception of dairy cattle lameness
乳牛跛足率(Whay et al 2003)
30
20
%
百
分
比
10
0
Number observed Farmer’s estimate
實際數目
農民估計
Conclusions / Summary 結論/摘要
• Disease can affect all Five Freedoms動物疾病會影響全部
五項自由
• Persistent exposure to stressors can cause disease and
reduced production performance動物持續暴露在壓力環境
下會導致疾病，並會使生產力下降
• Disease and production changes due to poor welfare can
be assessed我們可以評估因為動物福利不好所帶來的疾
病與生產力之變化
• Human actions (prevention and treatment) can also be
assessed我們也可以評估疾病預防與治療等人為措施
Further Reading進修書目
• GUMBRELL RC & McGREGOR DA 1997 Outbreak of severe fatal
orf in lambs. Vet Record 141: 150-151
• GONYOU HW, HEMSWORTH PH, BARNETT JL 1986. Effects of
frequent interactions with humans on growing pigs. Appl. Anim.
Behav. Sci 16: 269-278
• LEY SJ, WATERMAN AE, LIVINGSTON A 1995. A field study of the
effect of lameness on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in sheep.
Vet Record 137: 85-87
• MENDL M, ZANELLA AI & BROOM DM 1992. Physiological and
reproductive correlates of behavioural strategies in female domestic
pigs. Anim Behaviour 44: 1107-1121
• MOUTTOTOU N, HATCHELL FM & GREEN LE. 1998 Adventitious
bursitis of the hock in finishing pigs: prevalence, distribution and
association with floor type and foot lesions. Vet Record 142, 109-114
Further Reading進修書目
• WHAY HR, MAIN DC, GREEN LE, WEBSTER AJ. 2003
Assessment of the welfare of dairy cattle using animal-based
measurements: direct observations and investigation of farm
records. Vet Record 153: 197-202