•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
C1350-c1750
Vesalius
Harvey
C1750-1900
Jenner
Chadwick
Pasteur
20th century
Curie
Fleming
• Extension unit – Ancient Medicine
• Hippocrates
• Galen
Extension unit – surgery since 1350
• Paré
• Lister
• Simpson
What do you need to know about
each individual?
• Which period were they in?
• What did they do/discover?
• WHY WAS IT SIGNIFIANT IN MECICINE?
Think – how did their discoveries develop
medicine? How did they impact on other
people?
•
•
•
•
What did he discover/do?
Theory of the Four humours
Hippocratic Oath (still used today)
Careful observation – observe – diagnose - treat
• Why is it important?
• 4H – instead of blaming illness on gods, it was a
natural explanation for illness. Looking at
natural causes means doctors an really help
their patients with natural treatments (rather than
praying to gods)
• 4H affected how doctors treated people for next
2000 years
• What did he do/discover?
• Developed Hippocrates 4H into Theory of
opposites. Use opposites to balance humours.
• Proved brain controls speech and parts of body
(before people thought was heart)
• Perfect design – said every organ in the body
has a special role to play… it’s as if god
designed them all to fit together perfectly.
• Said Jaw was made of 2 bones
• Said Liver created blood.
• How important were his ideas?
• Extremely important… had taken best of
Hippocrates and combined with his own work
• Wrote 60 books of medicine
• For next 1500 years – medical treatment was
based on his ideas/methods from his book
• Nobody dared disagree with them… when
Christianity became main religion in Europe…
Church supported his ideas…. Fitted in well with
belief God created all human beings
•
•
•
•
What did he do/discover?
Specialist in anatomy
Proved Jaw bone was made of one bone, not two
Created book of anatomy – Fabric of the Human body
• Importance – challenged Galen
• Before, doctors believed that the books of Galen were
completely accurate… he showed some ideas were
wrong.
• Showed it was vital for doctors to dissect human bodies
• Doctors needed to test Galen’s ideas instead of
accepting them without question.
• What did he do/discover?
• Wrote an ‘Anatomical Account of the Motion of
the Heart’
• Showed blood flowed around the body and that
it was carried away from the heart in arteries and
returns in veins
• Proved that blood is not burnt up and replaced
with new blood and that the heart pumps blood
around the body
• Why is he significant?
• Challenged Galen! – Galen said blood was
constantly made in the liver to replace blood that
was burnt up in the body
• What did he do/discover?
• Discovered that wounds healed more quickly if oil
was not used. Used his own ointment.
• He stopped using hot irons to seal wounds
• Instead he used silk threads to tie ends of the blood
vessels
• Why is it significant?
• Before Pare – wounds were treated by pouring
boiling oil on them/stopped bleeding with hot irons
• However problem with ligatures – still don’t know
germs cause diseases
What did he discover/do?
• Observed people (milkmaids) who got cowpox did not get
small pox
• Experimented on 23 people….
• 1798 – Called his new method of preventing Smallpox
‘vaccination’
Why was his work important?
• Extremely important – he did not know exactly how it worked
but he had used careful observation to achieve it (show he
had learnt from Vesalius, Pare and Harvey)
• Lots of people getting protected from smallpox as a result of
his discovery
• 1852 – 50 years after his discovery, vaccination was made
compulsory
How did people react to Jenner’s
ideas?
• Some did not like anything new and thought they
were odd… preferred traditional remedies
• Some did not accept his evidence – said it was
unbelievable that a cow could protect humans.
• Doctors who made money out of inoculations did
not want to lose income
• Vaccinations were seen as dangerous – some
mixed up vaccines, others used infected needles
• What did he do/discover?
• 1834 – Wrote report for Gov on living conditions and
health of poor in towns/countryside
• Convinced was a link between filth and disease
• Gov didn’t take recommendations in report seriously
• Why is it significant?
• Made governments worry about Public Health
• Led to the First Public Health Act 1848 (although not
compulsory)
• 20 years later – 1875 – Second Public Health Act –
which forced all local councils to provide clean water,
sewers and to have a Medical officer of health
• What did he do?
• Discovered Germs and scientifically proved their
existence 1861
• Influenced by Jenner – found out why Jenner’s
ideas worked…. Chicken Cholera vaccination –
discovered by chance.
• Why was it so important?
• Led to massive developments in Medicine
• Competition with Koch led to many more
vaccinations eg tuberculosis, Cholera
• What did he discover?
• Problem of infection in surgery – influenced by Pasteur’s
Germ theory… discovered CARBOLIC SPRAY to kill
bacteria
• Antiseptic surgery
• Why was his work so important?
• S/T – More patients survived – deaths dropped from 46% to
15%
• His ideas spread and were used by other doctors (though
many did not believe it at first)
• L/T – doctors built on his ideas. Led to Aseptic surgery
• Longer and more complicated operations possible as
infection was reduced
• What did he do/discover?
• Discovered in 1847 Chloroform could be used
as anaesthetic (pain relief for surgery)
• Why was it so important?
• Surgeons could take more time/care in
operations
• Pain relief for child birth (religious objections)
• Took 10 years to be recognised – Queen Victoria
1857 used it
Were some problems;
• Some surgeons used too much and
patients died
• Others got carried away and cut too many
blood vessels
• Patients still died of infection or bled to
death
• More complicated ops – infection deeper
in body
• What did she do/discover?
• Greatest discovery (noticed skin was burnt by
material they were handling)…. Discovery of
radium…. To be used in radiography to diagnose
cancers and in radiotherapy to remove cancerous
growths
• Why was it so important?
• Her work was the beginning of modern treatments
of cancer and is still the basis of treatments used
today
• Awarded 2 nobel prizes (only woman)
• Died of Leukaemia from handling radioactive
materials
• What did he do/discover?
• Discovered Penicillin (drug that cures
infections) by chance in 1928
• Why was it so important?
• We now have hundreds of antibiotics –
Penicillin was the first
• Important
• Fleming only discovered it… was tested
and mass produced by Florey and Chain
• They grew the Penicillin, tested it on
animals, then tested it on humans……
• Dec 1941 – USA join WW2 – big
casualties – gov gave $80 mill to mass
produce
Other individuals…
•
•
•
•
Florence Nightingale
Crick and Watson
Snow
Koch
What role did Chadwick play
in bringing about changes in
public health?
Explain your answer (8)
10 minutes – go!
Use your own knowledge
What role did Edwin Chadwick play in bringing about changes in
public health? Explain your answer (8 marks)
Target – Analysis of the significance of an individual
Level 1 – Simple statement, eg he published a report on
the living conditions of the poor, wanted reforms (0-3)
Level 2 – Developed statement supported by relevant
information eg a description of Chadwick’s work or
recommendations; identifies role in pressurising
government. (4-6)
Level 3 – analysis supported by appropriately selected
information; eg detailed account of Chadwick’s work
showing its significance; recognises that opposition
prevented the implementation of many ideas and
therefore the impact of his work was limited; explores his
work in context of other developments (7-8)
8 Mark – perfect answer – Why is it
perfect?
What role did Chadwick play in bringing about changes in public
health?
Level 3 – analysis supported by appropriately selected information; eg detailed account of Chadwick’s
work showing its significance; recognises that opposition prevented the implementation of many
ideas and therefore the impact of his work was limited; explores his work in context of other
developments
In the 1830s Edwin Chadwick was employed by the Poor Law Commission to report on the living
conditions and the health of the poor in both town and country areas. Chadwick’s report
concluded that much poverty was due to ill health caused by the foul conditions in which people
lived and that the best way of reducing the cost to the rate payer of looking after the poor was to
improve their health.
Chadwick’s recommendations posed a problem for the government who knew they should put them
into action but such matters were usually handled by local ratepayers. The government knew that
any attempt to force local councils to follow recommendations would be unacceptable. Following
Chadwick’s report the government at first did nothing then after a second epidemic of Cholera in
1848 they approved the First Public Health Act which encouraged but did not force local
authorities to make improvements if they wanted to.
Chadwick played a large role in alerting the government to what was needed with regards to public
health but following his report little was done to any affect due to local rate payers not wanting to
invest in public health. The impact of Chadwick’s work was limited. It took Pasteur’s discovery of
germs in 1861 to propel the government to action Chadwick’s recommendations in their Second
Public Health reform of 1875.
Significance – how could this be
applied to other questions?
• Who made a more significant contribution
to medicine, Harvey or Marie Curie?
• In what ways did the discoveries of the
Renaissance period lead to improvements
in medical knowledge in the 16th and 17th
centuries? Explain your answer.
• Why did Jenner’s discovery of vaccination
against smallpox have so little impact on the
treatment of other infectious diseases in the
nineteenth century? Use the source and your
own knowledge to explain your answer.
• How important was Lister’s development of
antiseptics for progress in surgery in the
nineteenth century? Explain your answer.
• What part did Louis Pasteur play in the
development of vaccines? Explain your answer.