Resolved: The United States federal
government should substantially
increase its public health assistance
to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Topic Lecture
A little history

In 19th Century Europe and the Western world, the
area was sometimes referred to as "Black Africa."
Africa as a whole was commonly known as "the Dark
continent", a term that was usually intended to refer
to the Sub-Saharan region. This was partly due to
the skin color of its inhabitants and partly because
much of it had not been fully mapped or explored by
Westerners. These terms are now obsolete and
often considered to be pejorative. Further, they are
misleading, as dark-skinned Africans are indigenous
to much of North Africa, as well.
Definitions:

Its – this is important because its refers
to the United States federal
government’s public health assistance.
Affirmatives that do not increase the
USFG’s assistance would not be
topical.
Definitions:


Public health assistance – this is not a term of art.
Code of Federal Regulations – (not including any
assistance under title XIX of the Social Security Act
(42USC1396 et seq.) for immunizations with respect
to immunizable diseases and for testing and
treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases
whether or not such symptoms are caused by a
communicable disease.
Definitions:

What is health? "health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity" [1]. In more recent years, this
statement has been modified to include the
ability to lead a "socially and economically
productive life." - WHO
Definitions:

Sub-Saharan Africa - is the term used to
describe the area of the African continent
which lies south of the Sahara desert.
Geographically, the demarcation line is the
southern edge of the Sahara Desert. Many
countries such as Chad, Mali, Sudan, Niger,
and Mauritania thus belong to both regions
Sub Saharan Africa


Sub-Saharan Africa is the poorest region in
the world still suffering from colonialism,
slavery, native corruption and inter-ethic
conflict.
Many LDC’s – governments face problems
dealing with AIDs due to the lack of technical
support.
Definitions:

Sub-Saharan Africa - There are 42 countries
located on the sub-Saharan African
mainland. The 6 island nations include
Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Cape
Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe.
Is the topic really that big?


Yes! The topic is huge, how do we limit it?
Unfortunately the ways to limit the topic are
not that great. Any affirmative that deals with
improving health in SSA can be considered
topical. However, the WHO does contain a
list of health topics to help make the topic
somewhat predictable.
Limiting public health



Go to www.who.int/topics/en/
This is an A to Z list of all the health issues
considered by the World Health
Organization.
Examples: AIDS, air pollution, education,
medicine, water purification, biosafety,
maternal health, medical waste, diarrhea,
family planning, gender based violence, etc.
Limiting:

While it may seem like the list can go on and
on, which it does, keep in mind a couple of
things:
–
–
Not everything on the WHO’s list will apply to
SSA.
The increase must be a substantial increase in
public health assistance – thus affirmatives
should deal with bigger topics.
The most predictable limiter:



The topic says, “increase its public health
assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa.”
What this means: I believe that affirmatives
have to increase PHA to all of SSA and
CANNOT specify a country within the plan
text.
This does however, not prevent affirmatives
from making country specific advantages.
Other views of the topic

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
Can affirmatives specify countries in their
plan text?
Yes - we believe that the topic allows for
negatives can always have ground against
squirrel affirmatives, but affirmatives will not
have ground against unbeatable PICs.
Makes the resolution a little tricky?
Wording

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
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The impact of the word “To”
The impact of the word throughout
The impact of the within
The impact of the phrase “one or more of the
following countries”
Open for interpretation, yes? What’s a good
limiter?
WHO Agenda

WHO operates in an increasingly complex and
rapidly changing landscape. The boundaries of
public health action have become blurred,
extending into other sectors that influence health
opportunities and outcomes. WHO responds to
these challenges using a six-point agenda. The six
points address two health objectives, two strategic
needs, and two operational approaches. The overall
performance of WHO will be measured by the impact
of its work on women's health and health in Africa.
WHO Agenda

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The WHO has a six point agenda regarding health
issues.
Promoting Development
Fostering Health Security
Strengthening Health Systems
Enhancing Partnerships
Harnessing research, information and evidence
Improving performance
Promoting Development

During the past decade, health has achieved unprecedented
prominence as a key driver of socioeconomic progress, and
more resources than ever are being invested in health. Yet
poverty continues to contribute to poor health, and poor health
anchors large populations in poverty. Health development is
directed by the ethical principle of equity: Access to life-saving
or health-promoting interventions should not be denied for
unfair reasons, including those with economic or social roots.
Commitment to this principle ensures that WHO activities aimed
at health development give priority to health outcomes in poor,
disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. Attainment of the healthrelated Millennium Development Goals, preventing and
treating chronic diseases and addressing the neglected
tropical diseases are the cornerstones of the health and
development agenda.
Fostering Health Security

Shared vulnerability to health security threats
demands collective action. One of the greatest
threats to international health security arises from
outbreaks of emerging and epidemic-prone
diseases. Such outbreaks are occurring in increasing
numbers, fuelled by such factors as rapid
urbanization, environmental mismanagement, the
way food is produced and traded, and the way
antibiotics are used and misused. The world's ability
to defend itself collectively against outbreaks will be
strengthened in June 2007, when the revised
International Health Regulations come into force.
Strengthening Health Systems

For health improvement to operate as a povertyreduction strategy, health services must reach poor
and underserved populations. Health systems in
many parts of the world are unable to do so, making
the strengthening of health systems a high priority
for WHO. Areas being addressed include the
provision of adequate numbers of appropriately
trained staff, sufficient financing, suitable systems for
collecting vital statistics, and access to appropriate
technology including essential drugs.
Enhancing Partnerships

WHO carries out its work with the support and
collaboration of many partners, including UN
agencies and other international organizations,
donors, civil society and the private sector. WHO
uses the strategic power of evidence to encourage
partners implementing programmes within countries
to align their activities with best technical guidelines
and practices, as well as with the priorities
established by countries.
Harnessing research, information and
evidence

Evidence provides the foundation for setting
priorities, defining strategies, and measuring
results. WHO generates authoritative health
information, in consultation with leading
experts, to set norms and standards,
articulate evidence-based policy options and
monitor the evolving global heath situation.
Improving Performance

WHO participates in ongoing reforms aimed at
improving its efficiency and effectiveness, both at the
international level and within countries. WHO aims to
ensure that its strongest asset - its staff - works in an
environment that is motivating and rewarding. WHO
plans its budget and activities through results-based
management, with clear expected results to measure
performance at country, regional and international
levels.
Health Issues
There are SO many different health issues
within Africa. If it effects the daily lives of
individuals then it is a health issue. No issue
is more important than the other, right? Or
are there issues that should be handled first,
before others?
AIDS


This will be the number one case on the topics.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an
infectious disease caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It was first recognized
in the United States in 1981. AIDS is the advanced
form of infection with the HIV virus, which may not
cause recognizable disease for a long period after
the initial exposure (latency). No vaccine is currently
available to prevent HIV infection. At present, all
forms of AIDS therapy are focused on improving the
quality and length of life for AIDS patients by slowing
or halting the replication of the virus and treating or
preventing infections and cancers that take
advantage of a person's weakened immune system.
AIDS

Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any
other region of the world. An estimated 24.5 million people were living
with HIV at the end of 2005 and approximately 2.7 million additional
people were infected with HIV during that year. In just the past year,
the AIDS epidemic in Africa has claimed the lives of an estimated 2
million people in this region. More than twelve million children have
been orphaned by AIDS. The extent of the AIDS crisis is only now
becoming clear in many African countries, as increasing numbers of
people with HIV are becoming ill. In the absence of massively
expanded prevention, treatment and care efforts, it is expected that the
AIDS death toll in sub-Saharan Africa will continue to rise. This means
that impact of the AIDS epidemic on these societies will be felt most
strongly in the course of the next ten years and beyond. Its social and
economic consequences are already widely felt, not only in the health
sector but also in education, industry, agriculture, transport, human
resources and the economy in general.
ARV’s – a method to solve AIDS

Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the use of at
least three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the
HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease. Huge
reductions have been seen in rates of death and suffering when
use is made of a potent ARV regimen.
About 39.5 million people are now living with HIV, of whom
more than 37 million live in low- and middle-income countries.
WHO estimates that at least 6.5 million of these people are in
need of ART. As of June 2006, 1.65 million people had access
to ART in low- and middle-income countries.
WHO is providing countries with ongoing guidance, tools and
support in delivering and scaling up ART within a public health
approach.
Infectious Diseases


Any disease caused by invasion by a
pathogen which subsequently grows and
multiplies in the body.
Examples: African trypanosomiasis, Ebola,
Hepatitis, Leprosy, Malaria, Tuberculosis,
and Smallpox.
Tuberculosis


Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease. Like the common
cold, it spreads through the air. Only people who are sick with
TB in their lungs are infectious. When infectious people cough,
sneeze, talk or spit, they propel TB germs, known as bacilli, into
the air. A person needs only to inhale a small number of these
to be infected.
Left untreated, each person with active TB disease will infect on
average between 10 and 15 people every year. But people
infected with TB bacilli will not necessarily become sick with the
disease. The immune system "walls off" the TB bacilli which,
protected by a thick waxy coat, can lie dormant for years. When
someone's immune system is weakened, the chances of
becoming sick are greater.
Child Mortality



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Children and adolescents make up nearly 40% of the world’s population.
Among the most vulnerable of populations, their health problems account for
over 50% of the gap in health equity between the world’s richest and poorest
people. The global statistics on the unmet needs of infants, children and
adolescents are daunting:
Every minute 20 children under 5 years old die, leading to over 10.6 million
deaths a year.
Over 1 million children die each year — and millions more suffer from diarrhoea
and acute respiratory infections — due to inappropriate breastfeeding.
66% of child deaths each year are caused by diarrhoea, acute respiratory
infections, measles, malaria and perinatal illnesses.
53% of childhood deaths are associated with malnutrition, as a direct or indirect
cause.
AIDS now accounts for 3% of deaths in children under five years old worldwide,
— and for 6% in the WHO Africa region, where AIDS has become one of the
biggest killers of young children and account for up to 57% of child deaths in
the most affected countries.
Sadly, the majority of these deaths are caused by conditions that are either
preventable or treatable.
Drinking Water

Nearly 1.2 billion people do not have access to safe
drinking water, according to the World Health
Organization, and 2.6 billion do not have access to
basic sanitation. As a result, each year about 3.1
million children and adults worldwide die from waterrelated illnesses such as diarrhea and malaria. The
lack of clean water, combined with the lack of basic
sanitation and basic hygiene education, is one of the
largest obstacles to progress and development in the
world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa .
Maternal Health Services

There is a relationship between mobility, power and well being.
The differences between male and female travel patterns and
the cultural rules and roles associated with these differences
are undercharted in the policy environment. The impact of
constrained mobility on bargaining also has its impact on what
comes to be available as resource and service within local
constraints. No better demonstration of these constraints can
be found than in Africa's portrait of maternal mortality:
constraints on mobility and on the resources for mobility and
accessibility have devastating consequences for women's
health on the African continent.
Maternal Health Services

Maternal mortality rates in West Africa are
among the world’s highest. Too often,
pregnant women are unable to access
quality prenatal and delivery services, with
tragic consequences. Even when delivery
services are available, traditional practices
and lack of training in advanced medical
procedures limit the services women can
access at critical moments.
Family Planning

In recent decades, there have been tremendous advances
in the development of safer and more effective
contraceptives, and in the provision of affordable and
accessible family planning services. Yet, still millions of
individuals and couples around the world are unable to
plan their families as they wish. It is estimated that over
120 million couples do not use contraceptives, despite
wanting to space or limit their childbearing. In addition,
many women who use contraceptives nevertheless
become pregnant. Other couples who want to have
children are unable to conceive.
Family Planning





Some of the causes of unmet need for family planning
services are:
(i) lack of services or barriers to their access;
(ii) poor quality of services, such as suboptimal
interactions between clients and providers, substandard
technical competence of providers, inadequate
information, poor design and management of service
delivery systems;
(iii) technology issues, such as limited or inappropriate
choice of methods and fear, or experience, of side effects;
and
(iv) broader social issues, such as an individual’s lack of
knowledge, power imbalances within couples and families,
and sociocultural, religious and gender barriers.
Gender-Based Violence


Violence against women by an intimate partner is a
major contributor to the ill-health of women.
The health sector can play a vital role in preventing
violence against women, helping to identify abuse
early, providing victims with the necessary treatment,
and referring women to appropriate care. Health
services must be places where women feel safe, are
treated with respect, are not stigmatized, and where
they can receive quality, informed support. A
comprehensive health sector response to the
problem is needed, in particular addressing the
reluctance of abused women to seek help.
Life Expectancy



The overall life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa has dropped
precipitously over the past 10 years, mostly because of the AIDS
epidemic, the WHO says. Life expectancy dropped for female babies
from 51.1 years to 46.3 years. For males, the level dropped from 47.3
years to 44.8 years.
AIDS is now the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, far
surpassing the traditional deadly diseases of malaria, tuberculosis,
pneumonia and diarrheal disease. AIDS killed 2.2 million Africans in
1999, versus 300,000 AIDS deaths 10 years previously.
"Healthy life expectancy in some African countries is dropping back to
levels we haven't seen in advanced countries since Medieval times,"
says Alan Lopez, Coordinator of WHO's Epidemiology and Burden of
Disease Team. "This is just one example why the WHO decided to
measure healthy life expectancy for all member countries using DALE
for the first time, to give a truer picture of where good health reigns,
and where it doesn't."
Malaria

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
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is
transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. In the human
body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red
blood cells.
Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting,
and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito
bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly become life-threatening
by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs. In many parts of
the world, the parasites have developed resistance to a number
of malaria medicines.
Key interventions to control malaria include: prompt and
effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination
therapies; use of insecticidal nets by people at risk; and indoor
residual spraying with insecticide to control the vector
mosquitoes.
Water Scarcity




The main conflicts in Africa during the next 25 years
could be over that most precious of commodities water, as countries fight for access to scarce
resources.
Potential 'water wars' are likely in areas where rivers
and lakes are shared by more than one country,
according to a UN Development Programme (UNDP)
report.
The possible flashpoints are the Nile, Niger, Volta
and Zambezi basins.
Water management is the main source of this
problem.
Vaccines


Four to five million annual deaths could be prevented
by 2015 through sustained and appropriate
immunization efforts, backed by financial support.
Vaccination is one of the most successful and costeffective public health interventions. Well over 2
million deaths are currently averted through
immunization each year.
There are several programs currently available that
are trying distribute vaccines in Africa.
Poverty

Poverty is multi-dimensional in its causes as
well as in its cures. Poor health is a major
contributor to poverty and good health status
one of the means to prevent poverty or,
better still, a means to overcome poverty. For
this reason, health is already considered as
an important element on the international
poverty reduction agenda.
Nutrition

Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in
relation to the body’s dietary needs. Good
nutrition – an adequate, well balanced diet
combined with regular physical activity – is a
cornerstone of good health. Poor nutrition
can lead to reduced immunity, increased
susceptibility to disease, impaired physical
and mental development, and reduced
productivity.
Medicine


Pharmaceutical products – more commonly
known as medicines or drugs – are a
fundamental component of both modern and
traditional medicine. It is essential that such
products are safe, effective, and of good
quality, and are prescribed and used
rationally.
Africa does not have widespread access to
medicines.
Ebola



The Ebola virus was first identified in a western
equatorial province of Sudan and in a nearby region
of Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in
1976 after significant epidemics in Yambuku,
northern Zaire, and Nzara, southern Sudan.
Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is one of the most
virulent viral diseases known to humankind, causing
death in 50-90% of all clinically ill cases. Several
different species of Ebola virus have been identified.
The Ebola virus is transmitted by direct contact with
the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected
persons.Transmission of the Ebola virus has also
occurred by handling ill or dead infected
chimpanzees.
Infrastructure

In order to reach Africa’s great potential, improving health must
be a top priority. Health care systems face daunting challenges
and most Africans depend on public health services that are
hobbled by inadequate budgets, under-investment in physical
infrastructure, and insufficient numbers of trained health care
providers. Most African countries also lack developed and wellfunctioning private markets for health care, thus adding to the
burdens borne by already hard-pressed public systems. These
institutional weaknesses make it difficult for countries to
respond effectively to endemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis, and malaria, as well as to the non-communicable
diseases that increasingly affect patients in Africa and
throughout the developing world.
Let’s get our Priorities Straight!
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Public expenditure on health in African countries must be
increased.
The public health systems must re-evaluate structural
adjustment policies and health sector reform.
Major under-funding of basic health services remains a
problem. Declining child vaccination coverage is just one
indication of the deterioration of health systems.
Hospitals lack electricity and vaccines lack proper refrigeration,
rendering them unusable.
Phone and fax service often do not exist or are unreliable,
frustrating efforts to communicate throughout the health facility
network.
Women must be empowered and educated, and microeconomic activities developed to enable them to be
economically independent.
Health Systems

Weak health systems are one of the chronic
problems which have prevented major health
gains and economic development in the
region. Millions of people cannot access
basic health services either because they
cannot afford them or because quality
services simply do not exist in their
communities. The formal health care system
has found itself at times disconnected from
these poor communities.
Health systems

Health systems are a means to achieve the
goal of improving health through organizing,
financing and ensuring the quality of health
services. How well the health system
performs its role, though, can make a
difference between life and death.
Health Systems
Health systems are the primary means of delivering
immunizations, which are the main approach to
prevention of many infectious killers. For chronic
diseases, health systems not only offer treatment, but
through effective disease management can also postpone
or prevent more serious consequences. However, the
ability to manage chronic illnesses through the entire
continuum of care over the lifetime of the patient requires
health systems that are flexible enough to include a wide
range of providers, ranging from doctors and nurses to
community health workers, as well as social service
volunteers and family members.
What is the purpose of a health
system?



Improve the health of the people it serves
Respond to people’s needs and expectations
Provide financial protection against the costs
of illness
Who pays for health care?

In the 48 countries that comprise SubSaharan Africa, almost half of all healthcare
costs are paid for out of pocket at the time a
person seeks care. Many studies show that
high out of pocket medical spending can
plunge the sick, their families and sometimes
their extended clan into poverty.
Is all hope lost?

NO! Though the statistics indicate that health care
systems are somewhat in shambles, there is a
positive side. There have been significant changes
in Sub-Saharan Africa. New treatments have been
discovered, new diagnostics, have been developed
and new funding mechanisms – such as the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and malaria (Global Fund),
the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations
and the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDs.
Public Health in SSA


The public sector is often the major provider of public
health at one end of the continuum of care, and
hospital services, particularly tertiary care, at the
other end. In many areas, district hospitals provide
the main source of secondary care as well.
In both the public and private healthcare sectors
several countries are facing severe shortages of
qualified health personnel. An estimated 1 million
health workers are urgently needed. Which is more
than 3 times what is available in the area.
Challenges to the System

The challenges facing health systems in SSA
are well documented and span such issues
as lack of drugs and supplies, poor
regulations and quality standards, high
customs duties and taxes, doctors and
nurses not showing up for work, the brain
drain, poor public accountability and
corruption.
Management

According to the World Health Report,
“Health Management and support workers
provide the invisible backbone for health
systems; if they are not present in sufficient
numbers and with appropriate skills, the
system cannot function…”
Dirty Word?

Sub-Saharan Africa is a dirty term!
Some object to the usage of the term and see it is as
misleading and a racist colonial way of viewing Africa. [1][2][3]
[4] Academic and cultural writer Owen 'Alik Shahadah states
"…This barrier of sand hence confined Africans to the bottom of
this make-believe location, which exists neither linguistically,
ethnically, politically or physically...Somalia and Djibouti are part
of the same political Islamic alignment just like many so-called
Arab countries." (See Arab League). Others such as Okoth P
Godfrey, Department of History University of California, states
that European travelers and geographers created the concept
of "two Africa’s," sets up the removal of African contribution to
world civilization.
Dirty Word?


This will be a debate will occur the entire
year.
The question becomes do affirmatives not
use the phrase in the plan text to avoid a link
or does the link not exist because its in the
resolution?
What is the Bamako Initiative?


In 1988, Bamako was the location of a WHO conference
known as the Bamako Initiative that helped reshape the
health policy of sub-Saharan Africa.[5] The new strategy
dramatically increased accessibility through communitybased healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and
equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach
strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with
subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and
improvement in health care efficiency and cost.
The Bamako Initiative proposed decentralising health
decision making to local levels and establishing realistic
national drug policies to enhance the provision of essential
drugs for Sub-Saharan Africans.
Providing essential drugs - The
Bamako Initiative

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
There are many reasons for drug shortages. Many countries,
particularly in Africa, have not adopted an essential drugs list to
ensure good supplies of the most commonly used drugs. There
may not be enough foreign exchange to import the necessary
raw materials to produce the drugs within country. Drugs can be
lost due to theft, poor storage and wastage through expiry.
When drugs are prescribed to patients there may be further
losses due to over-prescription, unnecessary injections or
incorrect prescriptions. Finally, patients may also waste drugs
they have been prescribed if they are not sure of the correct
dosage, lack confidence in the health staff or fail to complete a
course of treatment because they feel better.
Decentralizes health care
Enjoyed some success
Making the Patient Pay


As funding for health services continues to be cut (often
through the effects of third world debt), there is great pressure
to maintain salaries for staff and, as a result, available funds for
drugs are reduced even more. All these difficulties mean that
both governments and health programmes are increasingly
trying to raise funding for drugs directly from the patients.
The Bamako Initiative was agreed by African Ministers of
Health in 1987 with WHO and UNICEF, calling for community
participation in managing and funding supplies of essential
drugs. It is based around the eight principles listed at the top of
this page (see box). Countries have varied considerably in the
ways they have tried to put these principles into action.
Kenya and the Dominican Republic



Here the government has encouraged the setting up of ‘community
pharmacies’ run by CHWs (community health workers). The
pharmacies stock between nine and twelve essential drugs and
these are charged at prices which not only cover their cost but also
include a profit kept by the CHWs. In addition, insecticide-treated
mosquito nets are sold at subsidised prices. Local people have
been positive and feel that prices are fair, though many struggle to
find the necessary funds. CHWs are positive because they can
earn a small income – but there are dangers in this, particularly with
the over-prescribing of unnecessary drugs to earn more money.
Dominican Republic
Research here (by Bitran) found that people would prefer to pay for
good quality private healthcare, rather than use government health
facilities which were free or low cost but were believed to offer poor
healthcare and often lacked drugs.
Guinea and Ghana


In Guinea, W Africa, the government supports
comprehensive primary health services. They have a
nationally agreed set of charges for the more
common diagnoses. These include drugs for
treatment and after-care.
Discussion groups were set up (by Waddington and
Enyimayew) in the Volta region of Ghana to examine
people’s attitudes to paying for health services. The
actual charges for health services were not the only
issue people considered. Equally important were the
attitude of health staff, the availability of drugs,
whether payments could be made by instalments or
in kind and whether credit was available.
The eight principles

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
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Improving primary healthcare services for all
Decentralizing the management of primary health services to
district level
Decentralizing the management of locally collected patient fees
to community level
Ensuring consistent fees are charged at all levels for health
services – whether in hospitals, clinics or health centers
High commitment from governments to maintain and, if
possible, expand primary healthcare services
National policy on essential drugs should be complementary to
primary healthcare
Ensuring the poorest have access to primary health care
Monitoring clear objectives for curative health services
Let’s talk about some of SSA
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Sudan
Rwanda
Congo
Kenya
Uganda
Eritrea
Ethiopia
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Somalia
South Africa
Angola
Tanzania
Actors/Agencies
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USAID
DOD
State Department
Executive Branch
Congress
Non-governmental agencies
Lopez
More?
Current policies and programs
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PEPFAR
Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria
Children Survival Fund
MEDFLAG (air force)
Office of the US Global AIDS coordinator for
all US AID programs
More…
Affirmatives
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AIDs
MEDFLAG
Gendered Violence
Water qualities
Landmines
Doc in a Box
Maternal Health Care
Humanitarian assistance
Malaria, TB
Child Mortality
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Development Assistance
Financial Assistance
Medical Assistance
Sustainable Development
Health professionals
Nursing
Family Planning
Infectious Diseases
Topicality
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The phrase To SSA
Public Health Assistance
USFG
Kritiks
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SSA is a dirty word
Agamben
Radical Orthodoxy
Borders
Disaster Pornography
Foucault
Nietzsche
Norm
Zizek
Threat construction
Human Rights
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Compassion Fatigue
Imperialism/Colonialism
Disease Kritiks ie Sontag
Development
Statism
Afrocentrism
African Feminism
Globalization
Nuclear war kritiks
Spanos
Capitalism
Counterplans
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Agents – EU, World
Bank, WHO, AU, OAU,
Canada, Japan, China,
Australia, NATO, UN
Consult – Japan, AU,
OAU, China, NATO
PIC out of SSA
NGO’s
Conditioned funding
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Process CPs
Treaties
Region PICS
Funding PICs – Bill and
Melinda Gates, Warren
Buffett
Backfile Checker
Disadvantages
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Politics
Spending
Structural Adjustment Good
China
Malthus
Aids Tradeoff
Budget Tradeoff
Relations
Advantage Areas
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Death
State collapse
Racism
Morality
Gender
Poverty
Development
Civil Conflict
Terrorism
Security
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US leadership
Colonialism
Brain Drain
Relations
Nuclear war
Disease
Infrastructure
China
Environment
Genocide
Brain Drain
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Ngo’s currently poach nurses and doctors
away from local communities, leaving most
areas without any medical staff.
Ngo’s are able to offer higher wages to the
staff thus attracting them to leave the
communities.
Some claim that this is a reason why the
infrastructure is unable to change.
Some helpful resources
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http://sdiencyclopedia.wikispaces.com
This website consists of definitions to help
you understand theory and other issues
pertaining to debate.