CONTRACEPTION AND
PLANNING FOR
PREGNANCY
Contraceptive methods for family
planning, the health benefits and risk
factors associated with birth control
choices and pregnancy
CONTRACEPTION AND
PREGNANCY
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CONTRACEPTIVE CHOICES
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ABSTINENCE
FERTILITYAwarenes
CALENDAR
BASAL Body Temp.
SYMPTOTHERMAL
WITHDRAWAL
BARRIER METHOD
Spermicides
Condoms
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Diaphragm
Cervical Cap
HORMONAL
Oral Contraceptives
Norplant
Depo- Provera
IUD
Emergency Contraception
STERILIZATION
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PREGNANCY
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ABSTINENCE
• This is the only sure method of birth control to
prevent an unintended pregnancy or unwanted
STD’s
• Abstinence from intercourse does not necessarily
equate with being nonsexual
• It is possible to attain a level of intimacy without
risking pregnancy
• Many young adults decide to delay sexual
intercourse for a variety of reasons
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PREGNANCY
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FERTILITY AWARENESS
• This method helps women understand their
menstrual cycle better
• It requires a high level of motivation and
cooperation by both partners
• These methods have a high user failure rates
• Not recommended for couples who could not
tolerate a pregnancy
• Offer no protection against STD’s
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PREGNANCY
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CALENDAR METHOD
• Also referred to as the rhythm method
• This requires abstinence during ovulation
• Should be supplemented with another option if pregnancy
cannot be tolerated
• This could be effective if a women knew the exact day of
her ovulation
• To be safest abstinence is necessary from day11to 21 of
woman’s cycle
• The egg can by fertilized anytime between the release by
the ovary and its exit from the fallopian tube
• There is a 30% failure rate
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PREGNANCY
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BASAL BODY
TEMPERATURE METHOD
• Designed to determine when a woman is ovulating
• BBT drops slightly 1 to 2 days before ovulation
• Then rises sharply by approximately ½-1 degrees
during ovulation
• Sexual activity should be stopped for 3 to 4 days
after temperature elevates
• Intercourse before ovulation carries a greater risk
than post ovulation
• Sperm can remain viable for up to 72 hours
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SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
• Combination of BBT and cervical mucus
monitoring
• During ovulation mucus becomes watery
• Sexual intercourse should be avoided until
mucous thickens or dries
• This is works better than the calendar method
• It has a 20% failure rate
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PREGNANCY
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WITHDRAWAL
• Also referred to as coitus interruptus
• Leads to many unintended pregnancies
• Pre ejaculate carries sperm that may be released into
the vagina before withdrawal
• This method requires an inordinate amount of self
control by both partners
• Has an extremely high failure rate
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PREGNANCY
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BARRIER METHODS
• Barrier methods have become increasingly
popular because of the protection they provide
against HIV and other STD’s
• High failure rates among young women
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SPERMACIDES
CONDOMS
DIAPHRAGMS
CERVICLE CAPS
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PREGNANCY
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SPERMACIDES
• Are a chemical method of contraceptive use
• Come in a variety foams, creams, gels, and suppositories
• Prevent contraception by killing sperm before they reach
uterus
• Serve as a lubricant
• Can be used alone or with another barrier method
• Highly effective when used with a condom
• Contain nonoxynol-9 which is somewhat effective in
preventing gonorrhea, HIV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex 2,
• Need to be reapplied before every sexual act to insure
effectiveness
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PREGNANCY
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MALE CONDOM
• Increased use of latex types
• Protect against HIV, herpes simplex 2, Chlamydia,
and cytomegalovirus
• Reduce transmission of gonorrhea, HBV2,
trichomonas vaginalis
• Is 86-90% effective when used alone and 98%
effective when used with spermicide
• Use can cause possible allergic reaction
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FEMALE CONDOM
• One size fits all barrier method
• Consists of a pre-lubricated pouch 6” in length with two
flexible rings
• One ring is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix
• The other ring partially covers the labia
• Lab tests demonstrate that the HIV and other STD viruses
cannot permeate the polyurethane pouch
• Controlled by the woman
• Failure rate is @ 26% usually user failure
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PREGNANCY
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DIAPHRAGM
• An oval dome shaped device with a flexible
spring at the outer edge
• Needs to be fitted by a clinician
• A spermicide is applied into the dome and a
small amount is spread around the rim
• Should be left in place for 6-8 hrs after
intercourse and then removed
• Failure rate ranges from 3-16%
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PREGNANCY
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CERVICAL CAP
• It is designed to fit tightly over the cervix
• Should be filled with spermicide before
intercourse
• A clinician must fit the cap to fit each woman
• Can remain in place up to 48 hrs. with no
additional spermicide
• The smaller size makes it more difficult to ensure
coverage of cervix
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PREGNANCY
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HORMONAL METHODS
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THEY INCLUDE:
Oral contraceptives
Norplant
Depo-Provera
They provide no protection against HIV and
other STD’s
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PREGNANCY
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ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• They are the second most popular form of birth control in the US
• Most women the pill with both synthetic estrogen and a derivative of
progesterone
• A progestin only pill is available to women who cannot take estrogen
• They provide protection against ovarian and endometrial cancer
• Risks of ectopic pregnancy and PID are lowered
• Reduced menstrual flow with shorter periods
• Side effects include nausea, breast soreness, fluid retention, breast
cancer, CVD, and liver cancer
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PREGNANCY
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NORPLANT
• A progestin only implant (levonorgestrel)
• Consists of flexible, matchstick-like capsules filled with
LVG
• Inserted under the skin of the upper arm
• Dissipate after 5 years and need to be removed and
replaced
• Suppresses ovulation
• Major side effects include irregular menstrual periods
• Headaches, nausea, dizziness, acne, hair loss, increase in
facial or body hair and breast tenderness
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PREGNANCY
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DEPO-PROVERA
• Most widely used progestin injection
• Injected into the gluteal or deltoid muscle
every 3 months
• Like Norplant is has a very low failure rate
and also suppresses ovulation
• Side effects include amenorrhea, weight
gain, headache, nervousness, dizziness,
stomach cramps and decreased sex drive
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PREGNANCY
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