AN NAJAH NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE COLLEGE
BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
HISTOLOGY
DISORDERS
DISORDERS
a type of dwarfism are caused by nonfunctioning
parathyroid and growth hormone receptors.
pseudohypoparathyroidism
mitochondrial
deficiency
diseases
These diseases
typically begin with
drooping of the upper
eyelid and progress to
difficulties in
swallowing and limb
weakness. DNA
mutations or defects
that can occur in the
mitochondria or the
cell nucleus cause
them.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DISEASE
A disease that affects the muscles and named •
MUSKLE WEAKNESS
Disease, muscle weakness is a disease of immune AUTO IMMUNE
DISEASE AND IT IS
CHRONIC
A drooping eyelid •
Affects all the muscles of the body , Blurred or double vision
Slurred speech •
Difficulty chewing and swallowing •
Weakness in the arms and legs •
Chronic muscle fatigue •
Difficulty breathing •
•
•
Acid hydrolases lacking
M6P are secreted
extracellularly 
undigested material
accumulates as inclusion
bodies and progressively
damage cells.
Symptoms :
- Skeletal abnormalities, •
coarse features,
restricted joint
movement,
psychomotor retardation
I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease)
A child with Sanfilippo Syndrome is born lacking a very important
enzyme that is used to break down certain chemicals in the body.
Sanfilippo syndrome A •
Sanfilippo Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Approximately 1
child in 75,000 is born with Sanfilippo Syndrome. In 1963, an Australian
scientist named Dr. Sylvester Sanfilippo identified this disease. A child
with Sanfilippo Syndrome is born lacking a very important enzyme that
is used to break down certain chemicals in the body.
If these chemicals are not broken down and disposed of, they will build
up causing serious damage. As the disease progresses, multiple
complications will arise in the child’s health.
Symptoms :
Seizure activity, hearing impairment, liver and spleen enlargement,
sleeping difficulties, loss of mobility, difficulty in treating common
illnesses, problems with swallowing, pneumonia, vomiting, and
diarrhea are all common with a Sanfilippo child.
Due to the progressive nature of the disease, these children typically
only live to reach 10 to 14 years of age.
A carcinoma (Gr.
karkinos, cancer, + oma,
tumor) is a malignant
tumor of epithelial cell
origin
wound closure after tissue injury, a process called
wound contraction
over-accumulation of collagen. In progressive
systemic sclerosis
excessive accumulation of collagen (fibrosis •
excessive accumulation of collagen
(fibrosis)
excessive accumulation of
Keloid is a local swelling caused by
abnormal amounts of collagen that
form in scars of the skin
Aortic and/or intestinal rupture
Faulty transcription or
translation of collagen type III
Ehlers-Danlos type VI •
Ehlers-Danlos type VI
Faulty lysine hydroxylation
Decrease in procollagen peptidase activity
Increased articular mobility, frequent luxation
EhlersDanlos type
VII
Scurvy is a nutritional disease caused by
deficiency of vitamin C. Common
symptoms include pinpoint bleeding
around hair follicles, along the gums, and
under the nails, as seen in this photograph
Change of one nucleotide in genes for collagen type I
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
lack of resistance in the tissues
rich in elastic fibers
Edema
Edema may result from •
venous or lymphatic
obstruction or from a
decrease in venous blood
flow (eg, congestive heart
failure). It may also be
caused by the obstruction of
lymphatic vessels due to
parasitic plugs or tumor
cells and chronic starvation;
protein deficiency results in
a lack of plasma proteins
and a decrease in colloid
osmotic pressure. Water
therefore accumulates in
the connective tissue and is
not drawn back into the
capillaries.
hypertrophic obesity
chondrosarcoma
Laryngeal cartilaginous
tumors
orthodontic appliances
osteomalacia:
osteomalacia:
Foods That Reduce Inflammation
Learn which foods help manage swelling
and inflammation in the body and ease the
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and joint
pain Health
Save a Cow, Eat More Fish
Red meat has earned its bad reputation for a
reason. It's higher in cholesterol and salt,
which can trigger inflammation. To get your
protein, switch to fish – like salmon, snapper,
tuna, cod, halibut, and bass – that are high in
omega-3 fatty acid. If you're absolutely
craving a steak, opt for grass-fed beef. It's
higher in healthy omega acids
Snack Time: Nuts & Fruits
Between meals, try nuts
and fruits. Walnuts,
almonds, sunflower seeds,
and hazelnuts are all great
choices. So are an array of
fruits like apples,
blueberries, cherries,
pineapple, raspberries, and
strawberries.
A Stinky Treat
Garlic. It tastes so good that we
put up with the bad breath
afterward. But our powerful little
friend also packs a wallop in the
healthy-foods department and
works great for swollen joints.
Combine garlic with herbs listed
on the next page for some good
cooking. And for date night, use
some mint leaves to clean up your
breath. They'll help your swelling,
too.
Herbs
Fresh is best because it keeps
the nutrients in. Choose from
basil, chili peppers, oregano,
parsley, rosemary, thyme, and
the wonderfully powerful
turmeric.
Chop up an array of herbs
with some garlic, and
combine with olive oil for a
tasty, all-purpose marinade.
Incorporate ginger, too. It's a
fighter.
Good Oils
If you haven't started cooking
with olive oil yet, now's the
time. It's incomparably rich in
oleic acid, an omega-9 fatty
acid that keeps inflammation
down. Ditch the vegetable oil
for healthier options like olive,
grape seed, and avocado oils.
Use extra virgin olive oil in
cooking and on salads and get
your food working faster for
you. It's good for your heart
and your brain, too.
Tea
Tea Time
Besides reducing your risk
of heart disease and
cancer, green tea works
like liquid vegetables as it
stages an antiinflammatory fight inside
your body. Hot or cold,
add some lemon juice to
perk up the tea's flavor
and kick up the
antioxidants. Oh, and don't
Just Dessert
Thankfully, eating healthy
doesn't mean missing out
on the sweet stuff.
Chocolate – yes, chocolate –
that is at least 70% pure
cocoa is the way to go.
Other desserts low in fat
and heavy in the fruits and
nuts mentioned earlier are
also great ways to keep
inflammation down.
IMPERFECTA
There is no known cure for Ehlers Danlos
Syndrome. The treatment is supportive. Close
monitoring of the cardiovascular system,
physical therapy, occupational therapy, and
orthopedic instruments (e.g., wheelchairs,
bracing) may be helpful. One should avoid
activities that cause the joint to lock or
overextend
Osteogenesi imperfecta
Coll.I
Osteogenesis Imperfecta or Fremen?
.Stacey
The world's smallest mother, who suffers from
osteogenesis imperfecta, is just four weeks away
from delivering her first baby boy.
In the current physical state Stacey moves on a
wheelchair, while her 5ft 9in husband, Will, has taken
charge of the household chores.
Even though Stacey says being pregnant is
"uncomfortable" and complains that it makes her
look like a "beachball with a head and little feet", yet
she is eager to have the new kid in her arms.
Doctors had initially warned the yrD morf dlo-raey-35
suoregnad eb dluoc ycnangerp taht ykcutneK ,egdiR
ydob reh edisni egral os worg dluow ybab a sa ,reh ot
.snagro reh hsurc dluow ti taht
However, she took the risk and now has two
daughters- Kateri, three, and Makaya, two- who are
twice her size, while she waits for the next baby.
"They all told me I'd die. They begged me not to have
the baby..." the Mirror quoted her as saying.
She added: "All my babies are miracles. They're a
great gift to the world. When I look at them I'm so full
of love, it's tough not to want more." (ANI)
Soy milk is rich in isoflavones
Isoflavones have many health benefits including
reduction of cholesterol, easing of menopause
symptoms, prevention of osteoporosis and reduction
of risk for certain cancers (prostate cancer and breast
cancer). Incidents of these cancers are very low in
countries with high intake of soy products, including
soy milk. Isoflavones are also antioxidants which
protect our cells and DNA against oxidation.The
presence of isoflavones is the most important and
unique benefit of soy milk. Each cup of soy milk
contains about 20 mg isoflavones (mainly genistein
and daidzein). Cow’s milk does not contain
Soy milk contains only vegetables proteins
Vegetable proteins have the advantage that
they cause less loss of calcium through the
kidneys.
Soy milk contains no hormones
Cow’s milk contains natural hormones (from the cow) but also synthetic
hormones, which can influence the good working of our own body. The
synthetic hormone rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone)
increase milk production by as much as 20 percent
Soy milk contains no lactose
As an additional benefit, soy milk contains the
prebiotic sugars stachyose and raffinose. These
prebiotic sugars boost immunity and help decrease
toxic substances in the body.
Soy milk reduces cholesterol
Food and Drug Administration of US confirms that soy
protein, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol
may significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart. The FDA
recommends to incorporate 25 grams of soy protein in your
daily meals. The saturated fats in cow’s milk are unhealthy
and increase body cholesterol. The protein in cow’s milk has
no benefits for the cholesterol. Soy's milk protein can
decrease cholesterol levels.
Soy milk does not cause insulin dependent diabetes
Although no general consensus exists among scientists, some
studies have shown an association between drinking cow's
milk in early life and the development of insulin dependent
diabetes. This association does not exist with soy milk
back-bone
pain
OSTEOPETROSIS
Osteopetrosis: a genetic disease in
which osteoclasts lack a ruffled
border; bone resorption is therefore
defective.
This results in overgrowth,
thickening, and hardening of bones.
Other than having extremely dense
and heavy bones, this condition
diminishes the bone marrow cavity
and its hematopoeitic ability. A
decrease in blood cells may lead to
anemia and increased susceptibility
to infection
Over active osteoclast
Hyperparathyrmoidis
osteitis fibrosa cystica
Over active osteoclast
Hyperparathyrmoidis
osteitis fibrosa cystica
ARITHRITIS SYMPYOMS
The joints of the body controlled by the slow
movement for patients with arthritis are useful. This,
and other unwanted toxins and waste products and
the removal of blood circulation in the joints makes it
better. But the problem in patients if the patient so
the patient does not move his hands and feet to this
problem are increased pain in the joints and organs
and increases to move is trying. It’s a vicious circle,
not because of the pain and movements, and there is
no movement, and the situation is worsening. That
the patient can continue to struggle for him to be.
Heat treatment and massage
Ayurveda herbal oil massage in the treatment of a very light, esecially the application
of heat after (medium and hot with the bag) is effective. United massage movements
and physical movements, then patients can display and easy, makes, even if more
could have been useful after a massage seat,.
The nature of the treatment of arthritis
Sauna
Basti (enema), sesame oil, 5.30 to 6.30 pm between (15 cm) with (this treatment in
Ayurveda) is recommended
Warm water in the morning + new lemon drink in an empty stomach?
From 10 to 15 minutes - Hammam Sunday
Yoga way of life
Stay away from man and nature, between stress and unwholesome lifestyles, stress
free life which resulted in good health is essential for yourself noticed.
Home treatment for arthritis
Drinking water boiled with dried ginger once a day
Coconut oil 2 tea spoon to eat during the 1 (Please before with his medical adviser) in
consultation with
A shower / bath, massage part of the painful / castor oil with a joint before taking.
Before going to bed, castor oil, 1 tablespoon honey fourth cup + 2 teaspoon warm
water to drink (this Arogyadham Yoga Center for treatment has given some excellent
And recommended that Parliament
Fresh food and the place is, when food and warm (old and cold foods to
avoid) is to consume cooked in the light of
The bread of wheat / brown bread, green gram and rice cooked with
vegetables, boiled vegetables
Garlic, spinach, dates, fenugreek
Bananas, mangoes, grapes and fruit all
Eat before 12 o’clock lunch and dinner before 7 pm
Once a fruit to eat during the week - fast, but any other fast food rich in
calories to avoid
Avoid the following foods carefully
Non-food plant
A high-protein diet
Hot and spicy food
Deep-fried food
Bakery products
Cold beverages, soft drinks, beverages Aerate
Fast Food
pseudohypoparathyroidism
hypocalcemia
pseudohypoparathyroidism to describe patients who
presented with PTH-resistant hypocalcemia and
hyperphosphatemia along with an unusual constellation
of developmental and skeletal defects, collectively
termed Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). These
features include short stature, rounded face, shortened
fourth metacarpals and other bones of the hands and
feet, obesity, dental hypoplasia, and soft-tissue
calcifications/ossifications. (See image below.) In
addition, administration of PTH failed to produce the
expected phosphaturia or to stimulate renal production
of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
hypocalcemia and
hyperphosphatemi
a
Sometimes, vertical ridges indicate bad absorption
of vitamins, iron deficiency, arthritis or kidney
dysfunction.
The nails temporarily stop growing, due to serious
health problems, such as pneumonia or
Heart attack .
Horizontal ridges may also indicate mental or
physical stress. Ridges grow out after a time .
Leukonychia
Is a condition in which white spots
appear on the nails. It is caused by air
bubbles, a bruise or other injury to the
nail.
Leukonchia can not be corrected but it
will grow out.
Onychorrhexis •
Refers to split or brittle nails that also have a series of
lengthwise ridges. It can be caused by chemicals, injury to the
fingers, excessive use of cuticle solvents, nail polish removers
and careless rough filing.
This condition may be corrected by softening the nails with a
reconditioning treatment and discontinuing the abuse.
Hangnails
Is a common condition in which the cuticle around the nail splits.
Hangnails are caused by dry cuticles and skin. They are also aggravated by
improper trimming.
This disorder can be solved by keeping the cuticles moisturized with oil and
lotion. These can become infected and very painful
Furrows
Also known as corrugations, are long ridges that run either
lengthwise or across the nail. Some lengthwise ridges are normal in
adults.
These ridges increase with age and can also be caused by psoriasis,
poor circulation and frostbite.
Ridges that run across the nail are caused by high fevers, pregnancy
& measles
Eggshell Nails •
Are thin, white, and curved over the
free edge. The condition is caused by
improper diet, internal disease,
medication, or nervous disorders. Be
careful when manicuring these nails
because they are fragile and break
easily.
Bruised Nails
is a condition in which a clot of blood forms
under the nail plate. The clot is caused by injury
to the nail bed. It can vary in color from maroon
to black. In some cases, a bruised nail will fall off
during the healing process. Severe bruising
should not be worked on.
Koilonychia
Koilonychia is usually caused through iron deficiency
anemia. these nails show raised ridges and are thin and
concave. Seek a physicians advice and treatment.
Despite the fact that the form of •
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to
lung cancer and other disorders has been
recognized for many centuries, its actual
cause has remained remarkably enigmatic.
Onychatrophia is an atrophy or wasting
away of the nail plate which causes it to lose
its luster, become smaller and sometimes
shed entirely. Injury or disease may account
for this irregularity.