An overview written report oral presentation • 中文1200-2000字 • in English 750-1000 words • 中文 or in English • a play or recitation video • recorded in CD-Rom • 5 minutes Greek theatre and Greek Tragedy • Dionysus Theatres Greek Medicine • Asclepius • Hippocrates Oedipus Tyrannus • knowledge • Chaining story 由演員為觀眾表演故事。說得更簡 單的話:戲劇是由甲扮演乙﹐有丙 觀看。這定義與另一本戲劇史中寫 的一樣:凡能滿足以下條件的就是 劇場(theatre): A represents X while S looks on.(FischerLichte 257). 甲(A)是演員﹐乙 (X)是故事裡的人物﹐丙(S) 是觀眾。 希臘戲劇是這個主流的源頭。希臘的城邦 之一,雅典﹐從西元前534年起就奠立了 悲劇節,綿延長達三個世紀以上,其間傑 作至今仍為人類瑰寶。戲劇也是表演藝 術,希臘劇場的演出形式及安排,為後世 樹立了一個長青的典型。要了解這份寶貴 的遺產,最好從雅典著手,因為它既是希 臘戲劇的搖籃,也是它的中心。 就人類戲劇史而言,皮氏最大的貢獻, 是他在西元前534年創立了悲劇競賽。 希臘悲劇與宗教儀式有密切的關係。 真正起源已經不可考。現在一般認為起源於酒神 在祭祀中,合唱隊(Chorus)會表演歌舞祭祀酒神戴奧 尼索斯(Dionysus),這種歌舞被稱為「酒神頌」 。 「酒神頌」發展到後來,逐漸擴大到神話和英雄傳說 的範圍——悲劇的形式逐步發展和完善,成為一種固 定的敘事體。 他是天神宙斯 (Zeus) 與凡女西蜜莉 (Semele) 生下的兒子,宇斯的妻子希拉 (Hera) 出於嫉妒將他擲入火中,幸被仙女 救出而得重生。 戴奧尼索斯的經歷因此象徵著生命循環 (出生、成長、衰敗、死亡、重生)與四 季交迭(春、夏、秋、冬),希臘人祭祀 他祈求香火傳續,四季豐饒,而身為酒 神,他也常讓人聯想到一些不理性的力 量。 古希臘悲劇的表現主題不在於悲劇性的故事本身,而是在 於表現崇高壯烈(sublime and magnificent)的英雄主義思 想。 根據亞裡斯多德Poetics中的定義,古希臘悲劇「描寫的是 嚴肅的事件,是對有一定長度的動作的摹仿;目的在於引 起憐憫和恐懼,並導致這些情感的淨化;主人公往往出乎 意料的遭到不幸,從而成悲劇,因而悲劇的衝突成了人和 命運的衝突」。 Tragedy= Goat song The word tragedy literally means "goat song," probably referring to the practice of giving a goat as a sacrifice or a prize at the religious festivals in honor of the god Dionysus. 內容:宗教精神、風俗文化 演出場地:天然的露天圓形劇場,圓形 廣場為表演區 ㄧ個演員一個歌隊 Aeschylus 兩個演員一個歌隊 Sophocles 三個演員一個歌隊 早期: 日後希臘戲劇維持為三人,ㄧ人分飾多角 有幾世紀之久,希臘戲劇只在既四戴歐尼色斯 (Dionysus)的節慶中演出。祭祀他是為了確保春天的復 甦。他代表著是上許多非理念的力量。 在早期的戴歐尼色斯禮拜中,酗酒和縱慾被視為是宗 教衝動的一部分,而加以接受。 雖然這種陋習已經逐漸昇華,但是禮拜中求取的豐腴 的基本目的仍然保存未變。 戴歐尼色斯的崇拜是在西元前十三世 紀左右,自小亞細亞傳入希臘的。 到了西元前第七、第八世紀時,再祭 拜他的節慶中已經有歌隊舞蹈者的競 賽了。隨辦著這些舞蹈的是狂喜的 「戴神頌」(dithyramb),稱戴歐尼色 斯。按照亞里斯多德的說法,戲劇就 是由這些讚美和舞蹈蛻變而來的。 希臘戲劇的第一個確切紀錄見之於西元五三 四年,這一年「城市的戴神節」組織改變, 在各項活動中加入了悲劇演出競賽。 戲劇在此以前勢必早已存在,否則不會又有 此競賽。這時其中唯一可考的戲劇家就是賽 士比斯(Thespis),也就是第一次悲劇競賽的 冠軍得主,並且,由於他也是第一個?是人 所知的演員,以後演員們就常被叫做賽士比 斯之徒(Thespians) 在宗教的領域中,竟然包括了非理念力量, 這顯示希臘人相信對自然的每一部分都應適 當崇敬,否則災厄就會隨之而產生。 希臘人始終努力,要在所有相衝突的力量之 間無論是內心的還是外在的,達成和諧。 525B.C~456B.C 古希臘悲劇早期發展階段的詩人 悲劇主要以神話為題材,觸及當時社 會問題 悲劇思想深刻,氣勢宏大、人物雄 偉、風格崇高,富有抒情色彩。 結構較簡單 現僅剩七部作品 創新戲劇表演形式,引進第二個演員 《阿伽門農》、《奠酒人》、《報仇 神》 ~古希臘悲劇中唯一一部完整傳世的三聯 劇 496B.C~406B.C 生於雅典北邊名叫Colonus的村落 受良好教育,擅音樂、體育、舞蹈… 等 因為貌美與音樂天賦被推選為慶祝戰 爭勝利祭儀中少年合唱團領導 生於一個富裕家庭,當時正適逢雅典 城邦的黃金時期,雅典人活於滿懷自 信的年代,他們的哲學家相信「人是 衡量一切的標準」。 但過分的自信令他們傲慢而又熱忱於 爭名逐利。當時詭辯學應運而生,處 士橫議,傳統的信仰受到挑戰。索福 克里斯對這種風尚深感憂慮,在劇本 中,他反複出了他的勸導與警告。 曾任以雅典為盟主的「德利亞聯盟」 的財政總管 兩度被選為將軍(政府的最高官位) 祭師 「生前完滿,身後無憾。」 生涯劇作有110部左右(130、125、123) 現存七部戲劇及少數殘本 ㄧ:阿傑克斯(Ajax c.450B.C) 二:安蒂岡尼(Antigone c.442B.C) 三:屈欽妮亞(Trachiniae c.413B.C) 四:伊底帕斯王(Oedipus Rex c.425B.C) 五:伊蕾特拉(Electra c.410B.C) 六:菲洛特提斯(Philoctetes c.409B.C) 七:伊底帕斯在柯隆納斯(Oedipus at Colonus c.401B.C) 要見出愛斯奇勒斯的力量,最號莫過於談他的三部 曲,通常被稱作「奧瑞斯提亞」(Oresteia)的,這是戲 劇文學上偉大的里程碑之一。 愛斯奇勒斯無時不關注人與神和宇宙的關係。而「奧 瑞斯提亞」就範示了他的這種關注,因為他在劇中處 理了公理觀念的茁長問題。在前兩個劇本中,劇中人 物把公理與個人的私仇等量齊觀;在最後的劇本中個 人的公理尺度終國家的法制所取代。這種發展的呈 現,完全經由一個有力的故事,其中滿富謀殺、復仇 與悔恨,在人類觀念史中這發展具有革命性的意義。 http://teacher.yuntech.edu.tw/~wangil/theater/drama/greece.pdf 角色:多半是身分地位高於一般民眾的 英雄、國王、貴族或神祈 劇情:際遇由盛而衰 使用語言較高雅 蘊含積極意義 強烈道德意涵 角色:多半是地位低於一般大眾的人物 劇情:自逆境漸入佳境 使用語言多為一般生活用語 發展晚於悲劇 輕鬆詼諧、滑稽戲謔 語言粗鄙、動作放縱 嘲諷 作為嚴肅悲劇演出後的餘興 Alice Y. Chang 36 GREEK EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek Culture was such that a high priority was placed upon healthy lifestyles, this despite Ancient Greece being much different to the Greece of the modern World. Chiron In Greek mythology, Chiron or Cheiron or Kheiron ("hand") was held as the superlative centaur among his brethren. Chiron, by contrast, was intelligent, civilized and kind. He was known for his knowledge and skill with medicine. A great healer, astrologer, and respected oracle, Chiron was said to be the last centaur and highly revered as a teacher and tutor. Among his pupils were many culture heroes: Asclepius, Theseus, Achilles, Jason, Peleus, Telamon, Heracles, Phoenix… Kheiron's name was derived from the Greek word for hand (kheir), which also meant "skilled with the hands." The name was also closely associated in myth with kheirourgosor surgeon. Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, was based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed old theories and introduced several treatments not too dissimilar from modern 'alternative medicines'. The Ancient Greeks though made major strides in medical knowledge. The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time: and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure. So the Greeks were very interested in using scientific observation and logic to figure out what caused diseases and what you could do about them. In the 300's BC and afterward, in the Hellenistic period, Greek doctors worked out a logical system for understanding disease. Their writings about this have been collected in the Hippocratic Writings, named after the first and most famous of these doctors, Hippocrates The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on medical practice has been great. Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was, for a long time, the basis upon which to develop medical reasoning. Likewise the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine. 1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Museé d’Histoire de la Médecine was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. father of medicine This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with , thus making medicine a profession. Nevertheless, Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician. In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other works. This allows Aristotle a parallel with ethics, because in his view we acquire virtues by realizing them, just as, for instance, we become builders by building. Thus, medicine is acquired through experience, and not (only) textbooks. Several Hippocratic authors insist on two features that do not get much of an airing in the philosophical texts surveyed above: the fact that medicine, and techne in general, are about taking decisions, and the ability of the doctor to account for his decisions – what some texts equate with a knowledge of causes. The doctor can distinguish bad from good cures, and praise or blame various components of a regimen: ‘mistakes, no less than benefits, are witnesses to the existence of the techne [...] how, where the right and the not-right each have a boundary, could there not be a techne? Life is short, and Art long; the crisis fleeting; experience perilous, and decision difficult. The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants, and externals cooperate. Ped- Pediatrics(小兒科)、pedicure(腳病治療)、 orthopedics(整形手術,特別指嬰孩的整 形手術) 、pedometer(計步器)、 pedestrian(徒步的)、pedagogy(教學法)、 encyclopedia(百科全書),這些字有一個共同的 希臘文字根ped-;由此可見,在希臘文中小孩、腳、教 育與知識等多層意涵,巧妙地糾結在一個字根ped-。 有趣的是,著名的伊底帕斯、他的名字、他的故事、他所 代表的典型正是以上諸多概念的縮影。 先看Oedipus一字的字源, oedi- 即 oidos變形的,加上 pus 即pous 腳, Oedipus的字面意思就是畸型的腳 (clubbed feet)或是腫脹的腳(swollen feet)。此外,oidos當作動詞的意思是 「我知道」,所以Oedipus的另一層意 義是我知道關於腳的事—伊底帕斯知道 Sphinx謎語的答案。 http://beaver.dlc.ncnu.edu.tw/projects/emag/article/200706 /知識與教育.pdf The story