Contrast is chemical substance which is introduced in human body via entral/parentral route to visualize certain structures not seen in plain radiography.it is also used to see vascularity of certain lesions in ct scan and mri MULTIPLE MYELOMA DEHYDRATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNCONTROLLED DIABETIS MEELITIS UREMIA PHELIBITIS EXTRAVASTION OF CONTRAST SWELLING IN SOFT TISSUES MOSTLY B/C OF HYPERSENSIVITY NAUSEA VOMITTING TACHCARDIA ANAPHYLATIC SHOCK ERYTHEMA/ERYSEPALOUS 1. POSITIVE they produce opaque image Example barium sulphate,iodine containing contrasts such as urograffin ,omnipaque.ipomoro. 2. negative they produce radiolucent image. Example air. Entral contrast is given by oral route. Anal orifice contrast study is called barium enema/gastrograffin enema Intravenous. Intraarterial. External opening on body surface study is called sinogram / fistulogram/loopogram General protocols Informative consent. Pt should be well hydrated. In case of i.v contrast study renal function must be aceesed(seum urea/creatinine). AnyH/o hypersensivity TO CERTAIN DRUGS PT vitals must be stable. At time of procedures the life saving drugs must be present System related contrast studies Barium swallow Barium meal Barium meal andfollow through Barium enema loopogram Percutaneous transhepatic choleangiography. ERCP IVU RETROGRADE PYELOGRAPHY CYSTOGRAPHY CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY RETROGRADE UREHROGRAPHY MICTURATING CYSTO URETHROGARAPHY HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY. ANGIOGRAPHY CORONARY/ CEREBRAL VENOGRAPHY NEW IMAGING MODALITIES ARE USED CT SCAN /mri i.v contrast is used myelography Each contrast study has its own indications Dysphagia Epigastric pain highly suspicious gastric / duodenal ulcer. GERD. Recurrent vomitting. Small intestinal disorders .intestinal tuberculosis.inflamatory bowel diseases Constipation . Malena, colonic mass. Hirshprung disease Renal stone localization and obstructive effects Renal function Localization of ectopic kidney, Congenital anamoly like horseshoe kineys. Haematuria Large pelvic mass Informative consent. Preperation of pt In iv contrast studies pt should be kept on light dinner before day of study. Pt should be kept NPO. SERUM UREA AND CREATININESHOULD BE NORMAL. I.V LINE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED. EMERGENCY TROLLY MUST BE PRESENT. FOR BARIUM SWALLOW URETHROGRAPHY,SINUGGRAPHY.FISTULOGRAPHY.AND CYSTOGRAPHY PT PREPERATION IS NOT NEEDED. CLEAN ENEMA/ LAXATIVE SHOULD BE GIVEN IF CONTRAST STUDY IS INCLUDING ITESTINE IN IMAGE. I,v contrast should be given slowly. IV CONTRAST ARE OF THREE TYPES. 1.IONIC AND HYPER OSMOLAR 2.NON IONIC HYPER OSMOLAR. 3.NON IONIC AND HYPOOSMOLAR. MOST SAFE BUT EXPENSIVE. MOST COMMONLY USED IS UROGRAFFIN WHICH IS IONIC AND HYPER OSMOLAR.OMNIPAQUE IS NON IONIC BUT HYPER OSMOLAR.ipomoro is non ionicand low osmolar ORAL CONTRAST ,BARIUM SULPHATE IS CRYSTALLINE POWDER DISSOLVED IN WATER, BESIDE IT PREPARED LIQUID FORM IS AVAIL ABLE AS GASTROGRAFFIN WHICH IS USED TO MULTIPLE MYELOMA DEHYDRATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNCONTROLLED DIABETIS MEELITIS UREMIA