CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Objectives
• Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to
perform tasks related to the following:
• Networking Terminology
• Digital Bandwidth
• Networking Models
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Data Networks
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Network History
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Network History
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Devices
• Devices are broken up into two classifications
• End-user Devices are devices that provide service directly to user like
computers, scanner, printer and etc.
• Networking Devices include all the devices that connect the end-user
devices together to allow them to communicate
•
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Networking Devices
• Network devices provide transport for the data that needs to be
transferred between end-user devices
• Network devices provide extension of cable connections, concentration
of connections, conversion of data formats, and management of data
transfers
• These devices are the following:
• Repeaters used to regenerate the signal
• Hubs concentrate connection
• Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as perform
basic data transmission management
• Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management
• Routers have all the capabilities listed above and can connect to WAN 7
CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Network Topologies
• Network topology defines the structure of the network and can be
divided into 2 part which are physical and logical topologies
• Physical topology is the actual layout of the wire or media
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Extended star topology
• Hierarchical topology
• Mesh topology
• Logical topology defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for
sending data
• Broadcast topology like Ethernet
• Token passing topology like Token Ring, FDDI
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Network Protocols
• A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that
govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate
• Protocols determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control in
data communication
• Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network
communication from one host through the network to another host
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Local Area Network (LAN)
• LANs consist of the following components:
• Computers
• Network interface cards
• Peripheral devices
• Networking media
• Network devices
• Some common LAN
technologies are:
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• WAN interconnect LANs, which then provide access to computers or file
servers in other locations
• Some common WAN
technologies are:
• Modems
• Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN)
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Frame Relay
• US (T) and Europe (E)
Carrier Series – T1, E1, T3,
E3
• Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET)
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• A MAN is a network that spans a metropolitan area such as a city or
suburban area
• MAN usually consists of
two or more LANs in a
common geographic area
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Storage Area Network (SAN)
• A SAN is a dedicated, highperformance network used to move
data between servers and storage
resources
• SAN technology allows high-speed
server-to-storage, storage-tostorage, or server-to-server
connectivity
• SAN uses a separate network
infrastructure that relieves any
problems associated with existing
network connectivity
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network
infrastructure such as the global Internet
• There are 3 main types of VPN
• Access VPNs provide remote
access to a mobile worker and
small office/home office (SOHO)
to the headquarters
• Intranet VPNs link regional and
remote offices to the
headquarters of the internal
network
• Extranet VPNs link business
partners to the headquarters of
the network
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Benefits of VPNs
• VPN is a service that offers secure, reliable connectivity over a shared
public network infrastructure such as the Internet.
• VPNs maintain the
same security and
management
policies as a
private network.
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Intranets & Extranets
• Intranets are designed to permit access by users who have access
privileges to the internal LAN of the organization.
• Extranets refer to applications and services that are Intranet based, and
use extended, secure access to external users or enterprises.
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
• Bandwidth has been defined as the amount of information that can flow through
a network in a given time
• In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per second (bps)
• In analog systems, bandwidth is measured by how much of the electromagnetic
spectrum is occupied by each signal
• The basic unit of analog bandwidth is hertz (Hz), or cycles per second
Why bandwidth is important?
• Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology
• Bandwidth is not free
• Bandwidth requirements are growing at a rapid rate
• Bandwidth is critical to network performance
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth Pipe Analogy
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth Highway Analogy
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth Measurements
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth Limitations
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Throughput
• Throughput refers to actual measured bandwidth, at a specific time of day
• Throughput is less than or equal to bandwidth
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Bandwidth & Throughput
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
OSI Model
• The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model created by
ISO
• OSI model is divided into 7 layers
Away
Pizza
Sausage
Throw
Not
Do
Please
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Physical Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Data Link Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Network Layer
• Provides connectivity and path selection
between two host
• Provides Logical address
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Transport Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Session Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Presentation Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Application Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Peer to peer communications
• Each layer of the OSI model at the source must communicate with its
peer layer at the destination
• This form of
communication is referred
to as peer-to-peer
• During this process, the
protocols of each layer
exchange information,
called protocol data units
(PDUs)
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD)
• This model is divided into 4
layers which are the
followings :
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Network Access Layer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
OSI &TCP/IP Model
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Data Encapsulation
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2
Networking Fundamentals
Summary
• NICs, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches and routers are common
networking devices
• Some of common network types are: LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN and VPN
• Bandwidth is defined as the amount of information that can flow through
a network connection in a given period of time
• Two of the most know networking models are: OSI reference model and
TCP/IP model
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