April 16 2013
PhD Student
Department of Computer Science,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA.
Learning with Purpose

• Session I : Android OS
– Introduction
– Android Architecture
– Download and Build
– Android Code
Organization
– Implementation - Demo
– SmartParcel
– Session I – Summary
Outline
• Session II : Android SDK
– All You Need to Know
– Samples
– Summary Session II
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Introduction
Well This is Not Necessary !
Supports Millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries.
It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform.
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Session I
Android OS

Session I
What will we learn !
How to get Android Source code ?
What Goes Where in Android ?
How to Compile the code ?
How can I create apps shipped with OS ?
How to modify OS to offer new Services?
How to use custom services in Apps ?
Using all above , How can I provide solutions to real life problems ?
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Android Architecture

Android Architecture
Enhancements over Linux 2.6
Binder : OpenBinder-based driver to facilitate inter-process communication (IPC)
Android Power Management : a light weight power management driver optimized for embedded systems.
Low Memory Killer : To kill off processes to free up memory as necessary.
Logger : A light weight logging device used to capture system, radio, log data, etc.
USB Gadget : Uses the USB function framework.
Android/PMEM : Provide contiguous physical memory regions to userspace libraries that interact with the digital signal processor (DSP).
Android Alarm : A driver which provides timers that can wake the device up from sleep.
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Download and Build
Environment Setup
Available at, http://source.android.com/source/initializing.ht
ml ( Link )
Requirements
• Linux or MacOS (Only Unix Based Systems)
• Python 2.6 -- 2.7 ( python.org.)
• GNU Make 3.81 - 3.82 ( gnu.org,)
• JDK 6 if you wish to build Gingerbread or newer
• JDK 5 for Froyo or older. You can download both from ( java.sun.com.)
• Git 1.7 or newer ( git-scm.com.)
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Download and Build
Download
Available at, http://source.android.com/source/downloading.ht
ml ( Link )
Basic Steps
• Initialize Repo
• Choose Build Version ( Link )
• Sync Repo
• Go Grab a coffee – This will take a while !
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Download and Build
Build
Instructions available at ( Link )
Basic Steps
Setup Environment paths
• $ source build/envsetup.sh
Choose Build Target using lunch
• $ lunch full-eng
• $ make –jN (j4, j8…j32)
• Chose N between 1 and 2 times the number of hardware threads on the computer being used for the build
Go Grab a Lunch and a Nap – This will take a
Loooong time!
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Android Code Organization
Lets Dive into the Code

Android Code Organization
What we have seen so far !
/bionic.
: where the bionic library is.
/build/ : is the main make file system.
/dalvik/ : where the Dalvik VM and dex compiler is.
/development/ : integration to IDE like eclipse emacs etc.
/device/ : device specific code lies here.
/external/ :external libraries go here. Eg. Skia, jpeg, sqlite.
/frameworks/ :all the android frameworks go here.
/hardware/ : HAL, hardware abstract layer
/prebuilt/ : all the prebuilt code. Linux Kernel goes here.
/packages/ : all default apps shipped with system
/out/ : final output directory.
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Implementation - Demo

Implementation
System APP - Steps involved
Create App using SDK (or otherwise)
Turn off the Build Automatically in Eclipse.
Copy the code to /packages/apps/YOUR_APP
Create make file
Template
• LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
• include $(CLEAR_VARS)
• LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call my-dir/src/)
• LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := AppCall
• include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
Expose Application
• In /build/target/product/core.mk
• Add , YOUR_APP \ in product packages section
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Create service Aidl
( Link )
Add AIDL to Build
Add Service
Functionality
Expose service
Use the service
Implementation
Steps involved
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Session I
Bhanu Kaushik ∗ , Honggang Zhang † , Xinwen Fu ∗ , Benyuan Liu ∗ , Jie Wang ∗
∗ Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA.
† Department of Computer and Information Science, Fordham University, Bronx NY
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Introduction
Huge number of Mobile Devices such as Smartphones,
Tablets, PDAs, portable media players etc.
“ About 6.2 billion users around the globe ” – Ericsson ,
2012.
These devices support large number of Internet based applications.
These Applications work on simple one-to-one clientserver data distribution model.
Results in:
• Increasing concerns about volume of global online digital content generated by these devices.
• Multi-fold increase in Network traffic originating from these devices
• “ 100 PetaByte/Month in 2007 to 700
PetaByte/Month in 2012 ”Ericsson , 2012.
• Huge incumbent content availability and maintainability cost.
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Motivation and Related Work
Motivation
• Carrier enforced limited data plans,
• Unavailability of hardware (3G or LTE),
• Unavailability of access points,
• Service outages and
• Network and server overloads.
• Unavailability of application data to the users
• High service maintainability cost, to both the service providers and hosting servers.
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Motivation and Related Work
Related Work : Data Offloading
• Large Scale
• Alvarion , “ Mobile data offloading for 3G and LTE networks.
”
• Cisco , “ Architecture for mobile data offload over Wi-Fi access networks .”
• Small Scale
• Han et. al .
“ Mobile data offloading through opportunistic communications and social participation ”
• Lee et. al .
, “ Mobile data offloading: How much can wifi deliver?
”
• Entail huge changes in both, state of the art software and hardware technologies
• Do not take into account the heterogeneity of application data.
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Motivation and Related Work
Related Work: Opportunistic Data delivery and Familiar
Strangers
Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTN)
• Target the interoperability between and among challenged networks
Familiar Strangers
• Coined by Stanley Milgram in 1972,
“Individuals that regularly observe and exhibit some common patterns in their daily activities”.
SmartParcel uses the idea of opportunistic connectivity and in-network storage and retransmission from DTN architecture to ensure data delivery among the nodes in a
“ Familiar Strangers ” network set up.
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Problem Definition
Our Goal is to develop framework of a Mobile data offloading and Service
Assurance scheme by encouraging collaborative data sharing among spatio-temporally co-existing mobile devices.
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Fig. 1 : Proposed SmartParcel Approach

Architecture
Components
Service Discovery Manager
Data Transfer Manager
Service Cache Manager
• Dynamic Cache
• Static Cache
Network Interface Manager
Service APIs
Central Control Manager
Fig. 2 : SmartParcel Service Architecture.
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Architecture
Component Details
Service Discovery Manager:
• Identifies the available candidates for data transfer by broadcasting a “SYN” message periodically
• “SYN” packet contains meta-data about applications registered to
SmartParcel.
• The meta-data is organized as a key value pair, i.e., ( “ ApplicationId,
TimeStamp ” ).
• At receiver, based on the meta-data information it sets up a one-to-one connection
Data Transfer Manager:
• Manages the data transfer.
• Can manage concurrent connections to multiple devices.
• To reduce the network overhead, sends data for multiple applications as one chunk.
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Architecture
Component Details
Service Cache Manager:
• Service cache to store the application specific (heterogeneous ) data .
• Dynamic Cache
• In-memory cache for storing the applications meta-data information.
• Implemented as Hash Map with (Application Id, Timestamp) as key-value pairs.
• Static Cache
• Static cache for storing the actual application specific data.
• Maintained as SQLite database.
• Schema “ Ap- plication Id (as string), Data (as blob), Time Stamp”
• Primary key : Application id and timestamp
• Flexibility to developer to assign “Time to live” and “Reset-Time” for the application data, end of day by default.
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Architecture
Component Details
Central Control Manager:
• Manage the control from all components of the SmartParcel service.
• All components work under same instance for synchronous operation.
Network Interface Manager :
• Internal service, responsible for managing network connections.
• Assists Service Discovery for identifying available devices on different network interfaces (3G, LTE, WiFi, BlueTooth etc.).
Service APIs :
• Subscribe or unsubscribe to service
• Update app data
• Settings
• Sharing statistics etc.
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Architecture
Android and SmartParcel
Group Name
SMP_ALL
SMP_BLUETOOTH
SMP_WIFI
SMP_NFC
SMP_BT_WIFI
BlueTooth
√
√
×
×
√
WiFi
√
×
√
×
√
×
√
×
NFC
√
×
Table 1 : Resources used in different permissions
DISk-IO
√
√
√
√
√
Android SDK
• New set of permissions.
• SMP_ALL, SMP_BLUETOOTH, SMP_WIFI,
SMP_NFC and SMP_BT_WIFI .
Fig. 3 : Integration of SmartParcel in Android framework
Android OS
• Integrated in the “System Server” module.
• System Server is launched by Zygote.
• Zygote forks the SmartParcel service as a system service.
• Ensures system level privileges and independence from the application “ context ”.
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Simulation Setup
MIT Reality Mining Data Set
• 100 unique devices, 500,000 hours, 9 months
• We use the Bluetooth encounters data.
Data Set
Table 2 : Data Set Description
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Std. Dev.
Encounters
65
2
4
8.67
Activity
901
4
243
133 Fig 5 : Distribution of Device Encounters.
Fig 4 : Distribution of Active Devices Per Day.
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Fig 6 : Hourly Variation of Device Encounters.

Simulation Setup
Setup Parameters
Data Refresh Rate (DRR) : The frequency with which the data is being refreshed.
Allowed Server Connections (ASC) : Number of devices allowed to get data from server on each day.
User Participation Probability (UPP) : The Probability of user acting selfish, i.e., limiting its participation by only receiving data and not sending data
We measure the Data Availability Ratio (DAR)
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Results
Effect of user’s social activity level
User Participation Probability
(UPP) = 100%
Data Refresh Rate (DRR) =1
Refresh interval
Fig 6 : Effect of ASC on DAR over the Day, when ASC = 1
Fig 8 : Effect of ASC on DAR , when ASC =1 to 75 devices.
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Fig 7 : Effect of ASC on DAR over the Day, when ASC = 30

Results
Effect of Data Refresh Rate (DRR)
User Participation Probability (UPP) = 100%
Data Refresh Rate (DRR) = 2 Refresh intervals,
12:00am -11:59am and 12:00am-07:59am
Fig 9 : Variation of Data Availability Ratio (DAR) with Data Refresh
Rate (DRR) when DRR = 2 and Refresh Interval 12:00 am - 11:59 am.
Fig 10 : Variation of Data Availability Ratio (DAR) with Data Refresh
Rate (DRR) when DRR = 2 and Refresh Interval 12:00pm - 11:59pm.
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Results
Effect of Data Refresh Rate (DRR)
User Participation Probability
(UPP) = 100%
Data Refresh Rate (DRR) = 3
Refresh intervals.
Fig 12 : Refresh Interval 08:00am-03:59pm.
Fig 11 : Refresh Interval 12:00am-07:59am.
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Fig 13 : Refresh Interval 04:00pm-11:59pm.

Results
Effect of Selfishness
User Participation Probability (UPP) = 10%, 20%, 50% and 90%.
Data Refresh Rate (DRR) = 1 Refresh interval
Allowed Server Connections(ASC) = 1 to 90 devices.
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Fig 14 : Variation of Data Availability Ratio with User Participation
Probability(UPP) and Allowed Server Connections(ASC).
(*Median of 1000 Simulation runs)

Conclusions and Future Work
“ SmartParcel ” - A novel approach for Data sharing among co-existing and co-located devices is presented.
“One for all”, multiple incentive system for application developers, Internet service providers and application data providers (eg. cloud services) with collateral benefits for the consumer itself.
We discussed the Design and implementation “SmartParcel” in Android.
Implementation in android framework dictates the feasibility of the architecture.
Flexibility of design ensures integration in almost every existing mobile operating system.
In the future, we intend to investigate the scalability and performance issues encountered on real devices.
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Session I : Summary
 Android Source code Download
 Code Organization in Android- What Goes
Where.
 Compiling the code.
 Creating Apps shipped with OS
 Modifying OS to offer new Services
 Using custom services in Apps
 Demo of Sample project - SmartParcel
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Session II
Android SDK

Session II
What will we learn !
Getting the right tools !
Basic Android app
Services in Apps
AsyncTask -Performance Enhancement
Sound Recoder demo
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Implementation - Demo

Session II
Summary !
 Basic Android app
 Services in Apps
 AsyncTask -Performance Enhancement
 Sound Recorder demo
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