THE CAMERA

Literally, room in Latin. The instrument
with which photographs are taken,
consisting, at least, of a light-tight box, a
lens which admits focused light, and some
device for holding the film in position. In
a digital camera, the film is replaced by a
light sensitive digital sensor.
THE CAMERA
LENS
Light passing through a
lens is inverted. The
object photographed is
turned upside down on
the film or digital
sensor. In a SLR
camera, a set of mirrors
called a “pentaprism”
corrects this inversion.
During the exposure, the
mirror in the SLR
camera body flips up to
allows light to pass
through to the film or
digital sensor.
SINGLE-LENS REFLEX
(SLR) CAMERA

A single-lens reflex
camera shows you
the scene directly
through the lens by
employing a series of
mirrors.
SLR CAMERA
CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT
OF LIGHT

SHUTTER

Controls the amount of light by the length of time it
remains open
APERTURE
(size of the lens opening) controls the brightness
of light that reaches the film
“STOP” – refers to a change in exposure, whether the shutter speed or aperture is
changed
one “stop” more exposure means to double the light reaching the film
one “stop” less exposure means to half the light reaching the film
SHUTTER

Leaf Shutter



Located inside the lens
Quieter than a focal-plane
shutter
Slower shutter speeds than a
focal-plane shutter
(only up to 1/500 sec.)
SHUTTER

Focal Plane Shutter



Located inside the
camera body,
directly in front of
the film plane
Allows for faster
shutter speeds
(1/8000 sec.)
When using a flash,
must use slower
shutter speed
SHUTTER
SPEED
Slower
blurred
motion
-Each shutter speed is marked as the
bottom part of the fraction of a second
that the shutter remains open
2 (1/2 second)
8 (1/8 second)
*1/60 hand held
-Each full stop shutter setting is half or
double the time of the next one
B (bulb) – shutter stays open as long as the release
button is pushed down
T (time) – opens the shutter with one press of the
release, and closes with another
Faster
freezes
motion
SHUTTER SPEED
Slow shutter speed
Fast shutter speed
SLOW SHUTTER SPEED
FAST SHUTTER SPEED
SHUTTER SPEED

Panning


During the exposure, the
camera is moved in the
same direction as the
subject.
Resulting in a
reasonably sharp subject
and a blurred
background
Each f/stop number can be though of as
the bottom part of a fraction
APERTURE
The larger the f/stop number, the
smaller the lens opening
f/11 is a smaller opening
than f/4
Each full stop aperture
setting allows half or
double the amount of
light as the next one
f/1.4
f/2
f/2.8
f/4
f/5.6
f/8
f/11
f/16
f/22
APERTURE
APERTURE

The area from near to far in a scene that is
acceptably sharp in a photograph
DEPTH OF FIELD
The smaller the aperture size, the more that a
scene will be sharp from near to far (deep
depth of field).
 The larger the aperture size, the less that a
scene will be sharp from near to far (shallow
depth of field).


f/22 provides more depth of field than f/4
DEPTH OF FIELD
DEPTH OF FIELD
DEPTH OF FIELD
Smaller aperture (f/22)
Larger aperture (f/4)
deep depth of field
shallow depth of field
DEPTH OF FIELD
Shallow Depth of Field
Deep Depth of Field
SHUTTER and APERTURE

To get a correctly exposed picture, you need a
combination of shutter speed and aperture

Each shutter speed lets in twice as much light as the
next faster speed
• 1/60 lets in 2x as much light as 1/125

Each aperture setting lets in twice as much light as the
next smaller opening (larger-numbered setting)
• f/4 lets in 2x as much light as f/5.6
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
F stop
f/22
f/16
f/11
f/8
f/5.6
f/4
f/2.8
shutter speed 1/4
1/8
1/15
1/30
1/60
1/125
1/250
EQUIVALENT EXPOSURES
FOCAL LENGTH
FOCAL LENGTH