國立清華大學工業工程與工程管理系微分 方程專題演講 Optimization And Differential Equations 最佳化與微分方程 Peng-Jen Lai (賴鵬仁) Department of Mathematics National Kaohsiung Normal University (高雄師範大學數學系) 20111102 Content 有限維度與無窮維度之最佳化問題 The calculus of variation 變分問題之最佳解 1. Some examples 2. Review of calculus 3. Euler-Lagrange Equation 工業應用之例子 給一個實數會對應到一個實數值,這種映射關係叫函數 function,前一頁是求函數極值(最佳值)之例子。實數軸是 一維,所以是在一維空間搜尋最佳解,他的主要數學工具 是微積分。 給一個函數會對應到一個實數值,這種映射關係叫泛函 functional, functional operator(範函算子), operator 算子,上 面,F 就是一個泛函,上例是求泛函極值(最佳值)之例子。 函數空間是無窮維,所以是在無窮維空間搜尋最佳解,他 的主要數學工具是泛函分析跟變分法。 三維的函數極值 Review of calculus c is a critical point of f(x) if f ’(c)=0 or f ’(c) does not exist (a singular point 奇異點、 尖點、或不連續的點). Relative extrema may occur at a singular point or an end point. Remark: Larson 那本書 要求 relative extrema 一定是內點. 那些最佳化(求極值)的問題 會跟微分方程有關係? 答案是,泛函算子的最佳化 (求極值)問題會跟微分方程 有關係 What is the calculus of variation (變 分法) ? The calculus of variation is a theory to discuss how to find (the) optimal solutions to the following problem: u : [ x1 , x 2 ] I (u ) x2 , u ( x1 ) a , u ( x 2 ) b . f ( x , u , u ') dx x1 m in I ( u ) u The shortest path (geodesic 測地線) problem Find the shortest curve joinning A and B. Mathematical Modelling 數學建模: Mathematical formulation: arc length of m in { u : [1,6 ] differentiable 2 | u (1) A y , u ( 6 ) B y } 1 m in { u : [1,6 ] differentiable 2 | u (1) A y , u ( 6 ) B y } 0 1 ( u '( x )) dx 2 u : [1, 6] f ( x , u , u ') I (u ) 6 , u (1) A y , u (6) B y . 1 ( u '( x )) , ( f ( x , y , z ) 2 f ( x , u , u ') dx 1 6 1 m in I ( u ) u 1 z 2 1 ( u '( x )) dx 2 ) The brachistochrone problem 最速降線問題 重力下的最快下降曲線 國立中央大學物理演示 實驗 1, 2, 3 Among all smooth curves in a vertical plane join a given point A to a given lower point B not directly below it, find that particular curve along which a particle will slide down from A to B in the shortest possible time. u : [0,1] , u (0) A y , u (1) B y . 1 ( u '( x )) f ( x , u , u ') 2 , ( f ( x, y, z ) 1 z 2 gu ( x ) T (u ) 1 f ( x , u , u ') dx 0 m in T ( u ) u 2 2 gy 1 0 1 ( u ') 2 gu 2 dx ) I (u ) x2 x1 u : [ x1 , x 2 ] f ( x , u , u ') dx , u ( x1 ) A y , u ( x 2 ) B y . Theorem Suppose f, u to be twice differentiable. If u minimizes I ( u ) , then u satisfies the E-L equation Euler-Lagrange Equation Solve the Brachistochrone problem by the E-L equation T C ds 2 gy dx dy 2 1 2g y C I ( x) 2 xx22 dy 1 ( 1 2g ) dx y C dx f ( y , x , x ') dy , f ( y , x , x ') 1 2g x d ( y C 22 y f dy ( x ') )0 0 0 d dy [ d dy ( x ') x' 1 ( x ') 1 2 y ] 1 ( x ') y dx dy 1 ( x ') xx11 f 1 ( 2 2 0 ) 2 dy 擺 線 之 模 擬 工 業 上 的 應 用 工 業 上 的 應 用 數學建模本來就無所不在 Conclusion: the relation between optimization and differential equation 變分法與微分方程之求解是雙向的 References 1. P. Neittaanmäki, D. Tiba, Optimal control of nonlinear parabolic systems, Marcel Dekker 1994. 2. 徐長發, 科技應用中的微分變分模型, 華中科大出版 2004. 3. G.F. Smmons, Differential equations with applications and historical notes 1991. 4. J. Jost, Calculus of variation, Cambridge 1998. 5. J. Jost, Postmodern analysis, Springer 1998. 6. Russak, Calculus of Variations & Solution Manual ch2, 2002. 7. Sasane, Calculus of Variations & Optimal Control 2004. 8. R. Weinstock, Calculus Of Variations, With Applications To Physics And Engineering 1974. 9. Bernard Dacorogna, INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS. 10. Byerly, Introduction To The Calculus Of Variations 1917. Thank you for your attention! 清大山社200807嘉明湖會師