AIRCRAFT HANDLING
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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
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Contents List.
Click on a chapter.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Aircraft Maintenance.
Ground Handling.
Preparation for Flight.
General Flying.
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Aerobatics and Formation Flying.
Aircraft Emergencies.
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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 1
Aircraft Maintenance
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Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
policy
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
policy
police
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
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police
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ice
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
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Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
Preventative
Corrective
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po ice
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
Preventative
Corrective
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ice
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged
balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
A policy aimed too much at preventing breakdowns (over
maintenance) would keep the aircraft in the hangar most of
the time.
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in
2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in
2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in
2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures,
restore levels of reliability,
and ensure that time and use
do not affect aircraft
performance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures and
ensure that performance of
aircraft and equipment is
maintained.
Within the RAF this
comprises 4 types of
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures and
ensure that performance of
aircraft and equipment is
maintained.
Within the RAF this
comprises 4 types of
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures and
ensure that performance of
aircraft and equipment is
maintained.
Within the RAF this
comprises 4 types of
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures and
ensure that performance of
aircraft and equipment is
maintained.
Within the RAF this
comprises 4 types of
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive
maintenance is to reduce the
probability of failures and
ensure that performance of
aircraft and equipment is
maintained.
Within the RAF this
comprises 4 types of
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Servicing (or ‘flight
servicing’ when applied to
aircraft) is the maintenance
needed after a period of use,
e.g. a flight, plus
preparation for the next
period of use.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Regular maintenance to:
Keep the aircraft in a sound
overall condition.
Minimise random faults.
Minimise the amount of
routine day to day attention
needed.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Some aircraft parts are
continuously monitored
using non-destructive testing
(NDT) e.g.X-rays or
Spectrum Oil Analyzed
Particles (SOAP) techniques
until a condition that needs
attention is revealed.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Scheduled or conditionbased maintenance that does
not fit the maintenance
cycle.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Corrective maintenance is
carried out when a fault
occurs.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
In war operations it may be
necessary to relax
maintenance standards,
suspending scheduled and
condition-based
maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive Maintenance
Servicing
Scheduled Maintenance
Condition-based Maintenance
Out-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Modifications are made to
remedy any design faults
that come to light.
MOD Form 700 Series
Every aircraft has an Aircraft Maintenance Data Log:
MOD Form 700
Examples of some of the more important forms are:
MOD Form 701
MOD Form 703
MOD Form 725
MOD Form 725A
MOD Form 705
fuel and oil types, tyre pressures
onboard software log
flying log & fatigue data sheet
air-to-air in flight refuelling
flight servicing & fuel certificate
There is no requirement to know specific form numbers.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 2
Ground Handling
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Ground Handling
Handling Teams
Aircraft arrivals and departures are attended by
two tradesmen known as the handling team.
Ground Handling
FOD = Foreign Object Damage
- objects which have the potential to damage aircraft
either by being sucked into an engine, blown by jet
efflux into another aircraft, or damaging aircraft tyres.
Ground Handling
Marshalling
- the aim of the marshaller is to assist the pilot in the
safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground.
Ground Handling
Marshalling at night
- navigation lights must be on (red & green on the
wingtips, white on the tail).
- taxi lights should be used, but care should be taken
not to dazzle the marshaller.
Ground Handling
Danger Zones
- areas around engine intakes and exhausts
- areas near propellers
- areas close to helicopter rotors
Ground Handling
Danger Zones
- areas around engine intakes and exhausts
- areas near propellers
- areas close to helicopter rotors
Note that with helicopters, strong gusts of wind
can cause blade sailing bringing the rotating
blades closer to the ground than normal.
Ground Handling
Wheel and brake fires
- stand forward or rearward of the wheels depending
upon the wind, but never in line with the axle.
- spray extinguishant so that the flow strikes the
ground 0.3 metres away from the wheels.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight to
prevent condensation in the empty tank.
Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor)
prevents sparks from static electricity during
refuelling. Fire is a real risk during refuelling.
Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited
within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Pressure refuelling (where fuel is pumped into the
aircraft at high pressure) dramatically reduces
refuelling time.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which
automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches
the required level.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Most gas turbine engines can be
run on AVTUR or AVTAG.
Remember the middle ‘T’ for
Turbine.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Most gas turbine engines can be
run on AVTUR or AVTAG.
Remember the middle ‘T’ for
Turbine.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVGAS and AVTAG are both
types of Gasoline.
Remember that if the fuel name
has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of
Gasoline.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVGAS and AVTAG are both
types of Gasoline.
Remember that if the fuel name
has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of
Gasoline.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVTUR is made from kerosene.
Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with
the ‘R’ in kerosene to remember
the link.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVTUR is made from kerosene.
Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with
the ‘R’ in keRosene to remember
the link.
Ground Handling
Loading
Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly
distributed to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is
within the limits.
Overloading has the following effects:
It increases the stalling speed and landing and take-off run.
It reduces the rate of climb.
It reduces range and endurance.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 3
Preparation for Flight
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Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is
LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- he and his crew are fully prepared for the flight.
- all the necessary information to ensure the safe
navigation of the aircraft has been obtained.
- that he and his crew have read and understood all of the
relevant order books.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is
LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- serviceability checks have been made on personal safety
equipment items by each individual user.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is
LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is
LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.
On a transport aircraft, the Captain will normally
delegate this responsibility to the Air Loadmaster.
Preparation for Flight
Flight Planning
Self-briefing
Mass briefing
The pilot and / or navigator
use weather and ATC
information displayed in
the operations or flight
planning room to complete
the flight plan.
On many bases,
particularly training units,
a mass briefing for all
aircrew is held at the start
of the day’s flying.
Preparation for Flight
Authorisation
Formal authorisation is required before every flight. This is
normally done by the Flight or Squadron Commander in the
Flight Authorisation Book (Form 3562).
In the event of an accident or breach of flying discipline,
the relevant form 3562 will be impounded by the
investigating authority.
Preparation for Flight
Authorisation
The Captain must also sign one of the Form 700 series,
Form 705 before and after each flight.
Preparation for Flight
Pre-Flight Checks
Before starting engines, the Captain must check that his
starting crew are in place with fire extinguishers at hand.
Pre-Flight Checks vary considerably from aircraft to
aircraft, but the relevant ones for each type are found in
the Aircrew Manual.
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
Stop!
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
Marshalling Signals
This way
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marshaller
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 4
General Flying
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General Flying
Taxiing for take-off,
the pilot stops at the
holding point, a
white line across the
taxiway from which
the pilot has a good
view of the runway
and final approach.
General Flying
At the holding point,
light aircraft pilots
turn their aircraft
about 45 degrees into
wind to complete
their pre take-off
checks.
General Flying
The caravan close to
the runway holding
position is occupied
by the runway
controller.
General Flying
Take-off is normally
made into wind.
As the aircraft lines
up, any headwind
along the runway
will serve to shorten
the take-off run.
General Flying
A 30 knot headwind
along the runway
will be indicated as
30 kts on the
aircraft’s airspeed
indicator (ASI).
General Flying
‘Dead’ side
Runway
Wind
The circuit
Downwind leg
pre-landing checks completed on this leg
General Flying
On approach, flaps are lowered to give a steeper
descent for a set speed, a lower stalling speed and a
better view over the nose of the aircraft.
Runway
Final approach
Wind
The circuit
Downwind leg
General Flying
It must be remembered on approach that when the
throttle is opened, a jet engine does not respond as
quickly as a piston engine.
Runway
Final approach
Wind
The circuit
Downwind leg
General Flying
To land the aircraft the pilot
changes the descending path of
the approach to one level with,
and just above, the ground.
This is known as the ‘round out’.
General Flying
The aircraft is then flown
parallel to the ground with
increasing angle of attack and
falling airspeed until
touchdown.
This is known as the ‘hold-off’ or ‘float’.
General Flying
Landing a nose-wheel aircraft,
the nose-wheel should be held
off the ground until after the
main wheels touch.
General Flying
With tail wheel aircraft, all three
wheels should touch the ground
together – a three point
touchdown.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 5
Aerobatics and Formation Flying
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Aerobatics
Before any aerobatic flying, a pilot must carry out his
HASELL checks:
Height
Airframe
Security
Engine
Lookout
Location
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
Rolling plane.
Yawing
plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or
Pitching
plane.
The simplest aerobatic
manoeuvre in the pitching
plane is the loop.
Repeat
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is
the barrel roll.
Repeat
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Yawing
plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic
manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Repeat
Aerobatics
Aircraft flying inverted appear to be flying with the nose
well above the horizon.
Aircraft wings are less efficient inverted, so a higher angle
of attack is required for straight and level (inverted) flight.
The angle marked in the diagram is still the angle of attack
even though the aircraft is inverted.
Formation Flying
The RAF’s definition of formation flying is:
‘An ordered arrangement of two or more aircraft proceeding
together as an element.’
There are two types of formation flying:
Close
Tactical
Take-off & Landing
Used for all tactical
fighter operations
Cloud penetration
Show and Display flying
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Vic formation
Think of the ‘V’ in Vic and
invert it.
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Vic formation
Echelon formation
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Line abreast
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Line abreast
L
i
n
e
a
s
t
e
r
n
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Box formation
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 6
Aircraft Emergencies
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Emergencies
Two degrees of aircraft emergency are
recognised internationally:
Urgency – a message concerning the safety of
persons or the aircraft.
Distress – the aircraft is threatened by serious or
imminent danger & is in need of immediate assistance.
Emergencies
Each of these emergency messages have their
own pro-word to alert ATC:
Urgency – ‘Pan, Pan, Pan’
Distress – ‘Mayday, Mayday, Mayday’
Emergencies
When using Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR),
Air Traffic Control give a four digit code to the pilot
which he enters into an instrument on the flight deck.
This code enables the aircraft to be positively
identified on the controllers radar screen (along with
the aircraft’s callsign and height readout).
Emergencies
In the event of a total radio failure, the pilot will
enter the code 7600 to alert ATC to the problem.
Within the U.K. a network of stations provide an
emergency fixer service on the UHF frequency of
243 MHz.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert
ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert
ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
If the transmitter only
has failed, he will fly an
equilateral triangle to the
right.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert
ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
If the transmitter and
receiver have both failed,
he will fly an equilateral
triangle to the left.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
The End
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Aircraft Handling
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