Chapter 7
Technological Systems
and
Production Tools in Technology
Production Tools
► Change
the shape of materials to make
them useful for human needs
► Help in the creation of artifacts. Objects
made by human activity.
► Are created and maintained by humans
► Are used to make our lives easier
► Social problems can be created by tools???
Material Processing
► Tools
and Machines
► Changes the form of materials
► Tools were used to cast, form, and machine
materials into specific shapes
► Tools also can be used to help assemble
products and apply protective or decorative
coatings
Machine Tools
► Machines
used to make other machines.
► The elements of machine tools include
 What type of tool is it???
►Single
or Multiple Point Cutting Tool
 What type of cutting motion is implemented???
►Rotating,
Reciprocating, or Linear
 What type of support is used to machine the
stock???
Cutting Tools
► Cutting
actions require a cutting tool
► Cutting tools must be harder than the material
being cut
► Needs sharpened edges, relief angles, and rake
angles
 Sharpened edges cut the material
 Relief angles keep the tool sides from rubbing against
the material
 Rake angles create a chip which allows waste materials
to be carried away
Types of Cutting Tools
► Single
Point Cutting Tools
 Contains a cutting edge on the end or along the
edge of a rod, bar, or strip
► Examples:
 Chisels
 Hand Planes
 Knives
Types of Cutting Tools (cont.)
► Multiple
Point Cutting Tools
 Series of single point tools arranged on a
cutting device.
 Can be arranged in a set or random pattern
► Examples:
 Saw teeth are in a set pattern
 Abrasive paper and grinding wheels do not
contain a set cutting arrangement
Motion
► Cutting
Motion
 The action that causes material to be removed
from the work
► Feed
Motion
 The action that brings new material into the
cutter
► To
complete a cut both motions need to
happen simultaneously
Motion (Cont.)
► Cutting
and feed motions can be:
 Rotating: Uses round cutters or spins the work
around an axis
 Linear: Moves the cutter or work in one
direction along a straight line
 Reciprocating: Moves the tool or work back and
forth or up and down.
Support
► The
tool and work piece must be supported for
proper operation.
► Types of cutting and feed motions determine the
type of support needed.
► Rotating motions: Require a holder that will
revolve around an axis.
► Reciprocating motions: The blade is clamped at
two ends within the machine. The blade moves
back and forth or up and down and cuts on one
movement of the saw blade.
► Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are
clamped in a holder or held on rest. Band Saw
Support (Cont.)
► Reciprocating
motions: The blade is clamped at
two ends within the machine. The blade moves
back and forth or up and down and cuts on one
movement of the saw blade.
► Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are
clamped in a holder or held on rest. Band Saw
blades travel around two wheels while the material
is supported by the machine table.
Six Categories of Machine Tools
► Turning
Machines
► Sawing Machines
► Drilling Machines
► Shaping Machines
► Planing Machines
► Grinding Machines
Turning Machines
► Turning:
Process in which a workpiece is
held and rotated on an axis.
 This process is completed on machines called
lathes.
 Lathes produce their cutting motion by rotating
the workpiece.
 The feed motion is generated by linear
movement of the tool.
Lathe
► Precise
machine tools used to machine
wood, metal, and plastics.
► Contain four main parts:
 Headstock: Contains the machine’s power unit.
 Tailstock: Supports the opposite end of a part
that is gripped at the headstock.
►The
headstock and tailstock are attached to the bed
of the lathe
Lathe (Cont.)
 Tool rest or holder: Support the tool. On metal lathes
the tool rest is clamped into position and is fed into or
along the work. Wood lathes contain a flat tool rest
where the operator moves the tool by hand.
► Work
ways.
can be held or clamped into place in two
 Between centers
► Live
Center: Rotate with the workpiece
► Dead Center: Work rotates around the device
 Within the headstock
Lathe Operations
► Turning:
Cutting along the length of the
workpiece.
► Tapering: Cutting along the length of a cylinder at
a slight angle to produce a cylindrical shape with a
uniformly decreasing diameter.
► Facing: Cutting across the end of a rotating
workpiece to produce a square end.
► Grooving: Cutting into a workpiece to produce a
channel with a diameter less than the main
diameter of the workpiece.
Lathe Operations (Cont.)
► Chamfering:
Cutting an angled surface between
two diameters on the workpiece.
► Parting: Cutting off a part from the main
workpiece.
► Threading: Cutting threads along the outside
diameter or inside a hole in the workpiece.
► Knurling: Producing a diamond pattern of grooves
on the outside diameter. This produces a gripping
surface.
Sawing Machines
► Use
teeth on a blade to cut material to a
desired shape and size.
► Three basic groups of saws include:
 Circular Saws
 Band Saws
 Scroll Saws
Sawing Machine Cutting
Operations
► Crosscutting:
Reducing the length of a material
► Ripping: Reducing the width of material
► Resawing: Reducing the thickness of material
► Grooving, Dado, Notching: Cutting rectangular
slots on or across a part
► Chamfering and Beveling: Cutting an angled
surface between two primary surfaces of a
material.
Circular Saws
► Use
a disk shaped blade with teeth
arranged around an edge.
► Three types of circular saws:
 Table Saw
 Radial Saw
 Chop Saw
Table Saw
► Uses
a linear feed motion
► Workpiece is pushed into the rotating blade.
► The operator controls the rate of speed that
the workpiece runs through at.
Radial Saw
► The
rotating blade moves across the
workpiece
► The workpiece is positioned stationary on
the saw table bed
Chop Saw
► Used
to cut narrow strips of material to length
► The blade is attached to a pivot arm assembly
► The blade assembly is pivoted in a downward
motion to produce the cut
► Can create angled cuts
► The sliding compound miter saw was created of
the chop saw and the radial saw.
Band Saw
► Uses
a blade made from a continuous band
or strip
► The saw uses a continuous linear motion
which generally travels around two wheels
to perform a cut
► Come in two styles:
 Vertical
 Horizontal
Scroll Saw
► Uses
a straight blade with teeth on one
edge
► The blade is clamped or pinned into the
machine at one or most commonly at two
ends.
► This machine operates off the reciprocating
motion.
Drilling Machines
► Drilling:
produces or enlarges holes using a
rotating cutter.
► The drill is moved into the work with a feed
arm. This is the feed motion.
► The rotating cutter head produces the
cutting motion.
► Two common types:
 Stationary
 Portable electric
Drilling Operations
► Drilling:
Producing straight cylindrical holes in a
material
► Counterboring: Producing two holes around the
same center point. The outer hole has a larger
diameter than the inner hole.
► Countersinking: Producing a beveled outer portion
of a hole.
► Reaming: Enlarging the diameter of an existing
hole.
Common Drilling Tools
► Twist
Drills: shafts of steel with flutes along
the shaft and points on the end to produce
a chip
► Spade Bits: Flat cutters on the end of a
shaft
► Forstner Bits: Two lipped cutters that
produce a flat bottom hole. The are used
for counterboring operations in
woodworking.