Energy Auditing &
Building Science
South Point Hotel, Las Vegas, NV 2013
Presenters
• Richard Benkowski, United Association
• Frank Spevak, Energy Conservatory
• Erik Rasmussen, ESCO Group
Session Time Line
Tuesday 13:30 to 16:45
Wednesday 08:00 to 16:00
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• Blower Door & Infiltration Duct
Blaster & Leakage 08:00 to
11:20
• Neat Software 09:35 to 09:40
• Break 09:40 to 10:00
• Neat Software 11:25 to 11:30
• Lunch 11:30 to 12:30
• Health and Safety CO
• Heating systems
• Neat Software 13:20 to 13:25
• Combustion
• Break 14:00 to 14:20
• Finalize audit and Discuss
Introductions
What is Building Science
Exercise & Handouts
Exercise Discussion
UA Delta T 13:45 to 16:20
The Building Shell
Heat Transfer
BREAK 15:00 to 15:20
NEAT Software 16:40 to
16:45
Building Science / Energy Audit
• Building science is the study of a building’s
interactions between the structure and its
components.
• A structure’s occupants, mechanical
systems, and the surrounding outdoor
environment all play a role in the
performance of a building.
Energy Audit
• The process of identifying energy
conservation opportunities.
Building Science Design &
Development
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Climate
Thermal dynamics
Insulation
Thermal boundary
Air leakage
Ventilation
Heating and cooling
Humidity and moisture sources
Stack effect and fans
WHAT IS ENERGY?
THE MEASURABLE QUANTITY OF
• HEAT
• WORK
• LIGHT
HEAT ENERGY – BTU/HR
WORK ENERGY
LIGHT ENERGY
Industry Guidelines
Industry Scorecards
• LEED
• GBCI
• ASHRAE
• RESCheck
Industry Scorecards
• NEAT / e+
• COMCheck
• Joe Biden’s Home Energy Score
• DOE
Industry Scorecards
• EPA
• GreenCHILL
• Portfolio Manager
ASHRAE COMPARISON
ASHRAE 90.1 – WHAT’S NEXT?
New Change
Effective Date
Reference Section
“2010” Min Efficiency Standards
up to 63 tons
Jan 2010
Federal
Section 6
IEER part load metric replaces IPLV
Jan 2010
Federal
Section 6.2.2 Addendum y, au
Exhaust air energy recovery scope
mandated
Jan 2010
State
Section 6.5.6.1 Addendum e
Manual dampers not allowed
Jan 2010
State
Section 6.4.3.4 Addendum b
Low leakage economizer dampers
Jan 2012
State
Section 6.4.3.4
2 Speed Fan requirement for single
zone systems > 10 tons
Jan 2012
State
Section 6, Addendum n
Multiple VAV control changes:
Re-Heat, DDC, Dehumidification
Jan 2012
State
Section 6, Addendum b,c,h, bh,
bx
HIGHER TIER STANDARDS AND GUIDES
– LEED (just revised and will be revised again in 2012)
– New Building Institute Core Performance Guide
– Commercial EnergyStar (being revised)
– FEMP (being revised)
– CEE - Consortium for Energy Efficiency (being revised)
– ASHRAE 189.1 and ASHRAE 189.2 (new)
– ASHRAE Building Rating System (new)
– ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides (new)
– California Green Building Standards Code (CALGREEN) (new)
– GBI - Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial Buildings (new)
– IECC - International Green Construction Code (IGCC) (new)
Go to Carrier.com for up to the minute updates
Climate Zones – 2009 IECC
FUTURE EFFICIENCY
Single Phase Requirements < 5 tons

<

<
Effective dates:
May 1, 2013 for non-weatherized furnaces
Jan 1, 2015 for air conditioners & heat pumps, including weatherized furnaces (gas packs)
Effective dates of subsequent standards:
2019 for non-weatherized furnaces and 2022 for air conditioners/heat pumps and weatherized furnaces
NEW
ENERGY STAR / CEE / ASHRAE 189
• Multiple higher efficiency standards are being developed and
revised
– Not mandatory at the state levels
– EnergyStar is now required on Federal buildings (Jan 2007),
may be required on state buildings
Size–
Heating
Often
tied to
rebates
Sub-category
Category
Electric
<65k, 3 phase
Gas Heat
Electric
Gas Heat
Electric
>=135K & <240K
Gas Heat
Electric
>=240K & <760K
Gas Heat
Electric
>=760K
Gas Heat
>=65K &<135K
Split System
Single Package
Split System
Single Package
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
ASHRAE 90.1
CEE Tier 1 E-Star 5/10 ASHRAE 189 CEE Tier 2
2010
13 SEER
14 SEER
14 SEER
14 SEER
15 SEER
11.2 EER
11.0 EER
11.0 EER
10.8 EER
10.0 EER
9.8 EER
9.7 EER
9.5 EER
11.7 EER
11.5 EER
11.7 EER
11.5 EER
10.7 EER
10.5 EER
9.9 EER
9.7 EER
11.7 EER
11.5 EER
11.7 EER
11.5 EER
FUTURE
FUTURE
FUTURE
FUTURE
11.5 EER
11.3 EER
11.5 EER
11.3 EER
10.0 EER
9.8 EER
9.7 EER
9.5 EER
12.2 EER
12.0 EER
12.2 EER
12.0 EER
11.0 EER
10.8 EER
10.4 EER
10.2 EER
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
10 -20 FPM
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
10 -20 FPM
7.5CFM/PERSON
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
10 -20 FPM
7.5CFM/PERSON
MERV 13
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
10 -20 FPM
7.5CFM/PERSON
MERV 13
25 -40 dBA
HUMAN COMFORT
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TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AIR CIRCULATION
AIR VENTILATION
AIR FILTRATION
SOUND
LIGHT
70 - 75F
30 – 60%RH
10 -20 FPM
7.5CFM/PERSON
MERV 13
25 -40 dBA
50-300 LUX
Mechanical Science
Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Radiation
• Convection
WHICH WAY DOES
“HEAT” FLOW?
RESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSS
AIR
INFILTRATION
• AIR LEAKING OUT
OF A 70F HOME
• WILL BE REPLACED BY 20F AIR
INFILTRATION
AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL
AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL
• FROM HIGH
• TO LOW
WHAT IS “R” VALUE?
Compared to the “U” Factor?
What is the ‘U’ Factor ?
• Overall coefficient of heat transfer,
given in BTUH per square foot of
heat transfer surface area, per
degree F temperature difference
Heat Flow Thru a Wall
Conductivity = k
• Amount of heat in BTUH flowing
through a one inch thickness of a
material of uniform consistency when
the area of the material is one square
foot and when the difference in
temperature between the faces of the
material is one degree F.
Conductivity = k
One square foot, one inch thick, one deg F
BTU MOVEMENT
• 71F
1 SQ. FT.
ONE HOUR
1 BTU
70F
Conductance = C
Amount of heat in BTUH flowing
through an area of one square foot of a
material, having a certain specified
thickness, when the difference in
temperature between the two faces of
the material is one degree F.
Conductance = C
Thermal Resistance = R
Defined as the reciprocal of the heat
transfer coefficient. The higher the
number of the heat transfer coefficient,
the more readily will the material
transfer heat and the more rapid the
heat flow will be. Resistance is just the
opposite of the coefficient of heat
transfer.
Thermal Resistance = R
Which material will have a higher R
value?
Face brick or common brick?
Thermal Resistance = R
Which material will have a higher R
value?
Asphalt shingles or 3/8” plywood?
ADDING “R” VALUES
• YOU HAVE A CEILING AREA OF 1,000
FT. SQ. - R-38, WITH A PULL- DOWN
ATTIC STAIRS WITH A PLYWOOD
BOARD ACCESS 10 FT. SQ. - R-0.5.
HOW WILL THIS EFFECT MY OVERALL
R VALUE?
ADDING “R” VALUES
1,000 FT.SQ. TOTAL
990 FT.SQ. R-38
10 FT.SQ. R-0.5
(990 x .0263)+(10 x 2)
1,000
(26.037)+(20)
1,000
46.037
1,000
U-.046037
U = 0.0263
U = 2.0
=
=
=U-.046037
= R-21.7
What is the ‘U’ Factor ?
• Overall coefficient of heat transfer,
given in BTUH per square foot of
heat transfer surface area, per
degree F temperature difference
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
ADD the R values:
R = Total Resistance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4, etc.
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
INVERT the Total Resistance:
U = 1 / RT
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
A wall has the following characteristics:
Outside surface coefficient – 0.17
Brick, 4” thick – 0.40
Air space filled with insulation – 5.30
Gypsum wallboard – 0.45
Inside surface coefficient – 0.68
U=?
Calculate the Heat Flow
What is the heat flow for the wall (previous slide)
that is 10’ high 150’ long, when the outdoor
temperature is 95F and the indoor temperature is
72F?
BTUHT = Area x U x (T1 – T2)
Three HVAC Fluids
• Air
• Water
• Refrigerant
Three HVAC Devices
• Fans
• Pumps
• Compressors
THE TASK OF
TRANSFERING HEAT
FOUR BASIC SYSTEMS USED
1 - ALL-AIR
HEAT
2 - ALL-WATER
3 - AIR/WATER
4 - DX
H6
Change of State
H6
THE TASK OF
TRANSFERING HEAT
Which process transfers the most heat?
1. 50 gallons of water @ 32 degF changing to 416.5# of ice
@32 degF
2. 20 gallons or water @ 212 degF to steam at 212 degF
3. 30# of steam @ 212 degF condenses to 3.6 gallons of
water at 80 degF
Liquid
Subcooling
D
PD
PRESSURE - PSIA
Compressor
Discharge
A’
PD’
A
CONDENSER INLET PRESSURE
& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.
DISCH. LINE
PRESS. DROP
D’
E
+P BETWEEN
COND. & EVAP.
PC’
B’
B
EVAPORATOR OUTLET PRESSURE
& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.
C
C’
SUCTION LINE
PRESS. DROP
PS’
S
FLASH
GAS
HF
REFRIG. EFFECT
HEAT OF
COMPRESSION
HC HS’ = HC’
HA’ = HB’
ENTHALPY - BTU/LB
A OR A’ CONDENSER OUTLET
B OB B’ EVAPORATOR INLET
C OR C’ EVAPORATOR OUTLET
S’ COMPRESSOR INLET
D COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE
D’ CONDENSER INLET
H8
Refrigerant Properties
CFC
R–
Boiling
120 Cond
40 Evap
Sp Vol
LH Vapor
BTU/#
12
-22
158#
37#
1.5
68
22
-44
260#
69#
1.2
93
HFC
410
-61
418#
119#
1.25
98
134
-15
171#
35#
1.9
90
H7
Psychrometric Chart
Air and Water Analysis
Evaporative
Cooling
Humidification
Heat and
Humidify
Sensible Cooling
Cooling and
Dehumidification
Heating
Dehumidification
Heating and
Dehumidification
H9
Exercise: Heat Transfer
You have two sheets
1. Diagram of a commercial HVAC system
2. Mechanical systems recording sheet
Objective: Identify and record all heat
transfers that occur using this system
during the year.
66
Heat Transfer Exercise