Ch7 Representation Signals by Using DiscreteTime Complex Exponentials: The Z-Transform (用离散时间复指数信号表示信号:Z变换) Ch7.1 Introduction(引言) (一)使用Z变换分析信号 •The Z-Transform (Z变换) •Properties of Z-Transform ( Z变换的性质) •Inversion of the Z-Transform ( Z反变换) (二)使用Z变换分析系统 •Solving Differential Equations With Initial Conditions (系统响应求解) •The Transfer Function (系统函数) Ch7.2 the Z-Transform (Z变换) • • • • Definitions (定义) Regions of Convergence (收敛域) z plane (z平面) Zeros and Poles (零极点) The Z-Transform(Z变换) 双边z变换 X ( z) x[n]z n n z反变换 1 n 1 x[n] X ( z ) z dz 2πj 离散信号可表示为不同频率复指数ej n的加权叠加, 权重正比于X(z) 。 符号表示: 正变换:X(z)=Z{x[n]} 反变换: x[n] =Z-1{X(z)} z x[n] X ( z) Regions of Convergence(收敛域) 收敛域: 双边Z变换存在的条件 x[n] r n n Regions of Convergence (ROC):使上式成立的所有r值。 Regions of Convergence(收敛域) Illustration of a signal that has a z-transform, but does not have a DTFT. (a) An increasing exponential signal for which the DTFT does not exist. (b) The attenuating factor r–n associated with the ztransform. (c) The modified signal x[n]r–n is absolutely summable, provided that r > , and thus the z-transform of x[n] exists. The z-Plane(z 平面) The z-plane. A point z = rej is located at a distance r– from the origin and an angle relative to the real axis. The z-Plane(z 平面) The unit circle, z = ej, in the z-plane. Z变换与DTFT变换的关系 1)当收敛域包含单位圆时,Z变换和DTFT均存 在。 X ( e j ) X ( z ) j z e 2)当收敛域不包含单位圆时,Z变换和DTFT 均不存在。 Zeros and Poles(零极点) Ex7.2: Determing the Z-transform of the signal x[n] = nu[n] Depict the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros of in the z-plane. Solution: X ( z) a z n 0 n n 1 1 az1 ROC : z a Locations of poles and zeros of x[n] = nu[n] in the z-plane. The ROC is the shaded area. 基本信号的Z变换 [n] 1 ROC : z 0 n a u[n] 1 1 1 az ROC : z a u[n] 1 1 z 1 ROC : z 1 nu[n] nanu[n] Z Z Z Z Z z 1 1 z ROC : z 1 1 az ROC : z a 1 2 z 1 1 2 Ch7.4 properties of Laplace Transform (Z变换的性质) z x[n] X ( z) with ROC Rx z y[n] Y ( z) with ROC Ry 1. Linearity(线性特性) Z ax[n] by[n] aX ( z) bX ( z) with ROC at least Rx Ry 2. Time Reversal (时域翻转) 1 x[n] X ( ) z Z with ROC 1 Rx 3. Time Shift(时移特性) Z x[n n0 ] z n0 X ( z) with ROC Rx , except possibly z 0 or z 4. Multiplication by a Exponential Sequence (指数加权性质) x[n] X ( ) n Z z with ROC Rx 5. Convolution(卷积特性) x[n]* y[n] X ( z)Y ( z) with ROC at least Rx Ry Z 6. Differentiation in the z-domain (z域微分特性) dX ( z ) nx[n] z dz Z 6. Differentiation in the z-domain (z域微分特性) dX ( z ) nx[n] z dz Z Ex: 1 L[u (t )] s d 1 1 L[tu (t )] ( ) 2 s ds s 2 d 1 L[t u (t )] ( 2 ) 3 ds s s n! n! n t n L[t e u(t )] L[t u(t )] n 1 n 1 ( s ) s 2 Ch7.5 Inversion of z-transform (由X(z)求x(n)) bM z M b1 z 1 b0 X ( z) aN z N a1 z 1 a0 1 c0 c1 z cM N z 当MN时存在 ( M N ) B( z ) A( z ) 真分式 B( z ) x(n) c0 (n) c1 (n 1) cM N (n (M N )) Z A ( z ) 1 if then Where, Ex: kN B( z ) k1 k2 1 1 A( z ) 1 r1 z 1 r2 z 1 rN z 1 B( z ) n n n F ( k r k r k r 1 1 2 2 N N )u (n) A( z) 1 B( z ) ki (1 ri z ) A( z ) 5 1 5 z 6 X ( z) 1 1 1 2 1 z z 6 6 1 z 1 1 1 x[n] 4 u[ n] u[n] 2 3 n n 1 ri , 求x[n] Ex: Find the inverse z-transform of 1 H ( z) 1 2 z 1 1 3z 1 Solution: A B H ( z) 1 1 2z 1 3z 1 A (1 2z 1 )H ( z) z 2 2 B (1 3z 1 )H ( z) z 3 3 2 3 H ( z) 1 1 2z 1 3z 1 1) z 3 2) 2 z 3 3) z 2 h[n] (2n1 3n1 )u[n] n1 n1 h[n] 2 u[n] 3 u[n 1] n1 n1 h[n] 2 u[n 1] 3 u[n 1] Ch7.6 The Transfer Function(系统函数) x[n] X(z) h[n] H(z) yzs[n]=x[n]*h[n] Yzs(z)=X(z)H(z) 系统函数:系统在零状态条件下,输出的拉氏变换式 与输入的拉式变换式之比,记为H(z)。 Z [ y zs ( z )] Yzs ( z ) H ( z) Z [ x( z )] X ( z) The Transfer function and Difference Equation (系统函数与差分方程) Ex: Find the transfer function of the LTI system descriped by the difference equation y[n] + 0.7 y[n-1] +0.1 y[n-2] = 2 x[n] + x[n-1] Solution: 1 2 1 [1 0.7 z 0.1z ]Y ( z) (2 z ) X ( z) Y ( z) 2 z 1 H ( z) X ( z) 1 0.7 z 1 0.1z 2 Causality and Stability(因果性与稳定性) The relationship between the location of a pole and the impulse response characteristics for a causal system. (a) A pole inside the unit circle contributes an exponentially decaying term to the impulse response. (b) A pole outside the unit circle contributes an exponentially increasing term to the impulse response. Causality and Stability(因果性与稳定性) A system that is both stable and causal must have all its poles inside the unit circle in the z-plane, as illustrated here. Causality and Stability(因果性与稳定性) 离散时间LTI系统BIBO稳定的充分必要条件是 h[n] n 因果系统在s域有界输入有界输出(BIBO)的充要 条件是系统函数H(z)的全部极点位于 z平面单位圆内。 Ex: A causal system has the transfer function 1 2 z H ( z) 1 0.7 z 1 0.1z 2 Find the impulse response. Is the system stable? Solution : 极点z= 0.5,在 z平面单位圆内; 极点z=0. 2, 在z平面单位圆内。 The system is stable(稳定)。 Ch7.10 The Unilateral z-Transform (单边Z变换) 1. Definition: 单边z变换 X ( z ) x[n]z n n 0 符号表示: x[k ] X ( z) zu Ch7.10.1 Properties of Unilateral z-Transform (单边Z变换的性质) Time Shift(时移特性) x[n] X ( z) zu zu x[n 1] x[1] X ( z) z 1 1 x[n 2] x[2] x[1]z X ( z) z zu 2 1 x[n k ] x[k ] x[k 1]z zu x[1]z k 1 x[1]z 1 X ( z ) z k Ch7.10.2 Solving Difference Equations with Initial Conditions(利用Z变换分析系统响应) 解差分方程 时域差分方程 时域响应y[k] z z 反 变 换 变 换 z域代数方程 z域响应Y(z) 解代数方程 Solving Difference Equations with Initial Conditions(利用Z变换分析系统响应) y[n] a1 y[n 1] a2 y[n 2] b0 x[n] b1 x[n 1] n 0 已知初始状态为y[-1], y[-2],求y[n]。 求解步骤: 1) 经Z变换将时域差分方程变换为Z域代数方程 2) 求解z域代数方程,求出Yzi(z), Yzs(z) 3) Z反变换,求出响应的时域表示式 Solving Diffrential Equations with Initial Conditions(利用拉普拉斯变换分析系统响应) Y ( z ) a1 z 1Y ( z ) a1 y[1] a2 z 2Y ( z ) a2 y[2] a2 y[1]z 1 b0 X ( z ) b1 z 1 X ( z ) b0 b1 z 1 a1 y[1] a2 y[2] a2 y[1]z 1 Y ( z) X ( z) 1 2 1 2 1 a1 z a2 z 1 a1 z a2 z Yzi(z) Yzs(z) y[n] yzs [n] yzi [n] Z 1 Yzi ( z) Yzs ( z) Ex: Use the z-transform to determine the output of a system y[n] 0.7 y[n 1] 0.1y[n 2] 7 x[n] 2 x[n 1] n 0 in response to input x[n] = u[n] . The initial conditions are y[-1]=-26, y[-2]=-202. Solution:Taking the unilateral z-transform of both sides of the difference equation(对差分方程取z变换可得) Y ( z ) 0.7 z 1Y ( z ) y[1] 0.1 z 2Y ( z ) y[2] y[1]z 1 7 X ( z ) 2 z 1 X ( z ) (0.7 0.1z 1 ) y[1] 0.1y[2] 7 2 z 1 Y ( z) X ( z) 1 2 1 2 1 0.7 z 0.1z 1 0.7 z 0.1z 2 2.6 z 1 7 2 z 1 Y ( z) 1 1 (1 0.2 z )(1 0.5z ) (1 0.2 z 1 )(1 0.5z 1 )(1 z 1 ) Yzi(z) Yzs(z) Ex: Use the z-transform to determine the output of a system y[n] 0.7 y[n 1] 0.1y[n 2] 7 x[n] 2 x[n 1] n 0 in response to input x[n] = u[n] . The initial conditions are y[-1]=-26, y[-2]=-202. 0.5 5 12.5 7 2 z 1 Yzs ( z ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . 2 z 1 0 . 5 z 1 z (1 0.2 z )(1 0.5z )(1 z ) yzs [k ] Z 1{Yzs ( z)} [0.5(0.2)n 5(0.5)n 12.5]u[n] 10 12 2 2.6 z 1 Yzi ( z ) 1 1 1 1 1 0 . 2 z 1 0 . 5 z (1 0.2 z )(1 0.5 z ) yzs [k ] Z 1{Yzi ( z)} [10(0.2)n 12(0.5)n ]u[n] y[n] yzs [n] yzi [n]