Chemistry 6/e
Steven S. Zumdahl
and Susan A. Zumdahl
Chapter 9:
COVALENT
BONDING:
ORBITALS
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1
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
• React 1 • 2 • 3 • 4
• React 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
• React 9 • 10 • 11
• The Molecular Orbital Model
• Bonding in Heteronuclear
Diatomic Molecules
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2
Draw the Lewis structure for hydrogen
fluoride.
What is the shape of a hydrogen fluoride
molecule?
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3
Bonding in HF
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4
Draw the Lewis structure for methane,
CH4.
What is the shape of a methane
molecule?
What are the bond angles?
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5
Why can’t the bonding orbitals for
methane be formed by an overlap of
atomic orbitals?
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6
An Energy-Level Diagram Showing the
Formation of Four sp3 Orbitals
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7
The Formation of sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
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8
Tetrahedral Set of Four sp3 Orbitals
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9
sp3 Hybridization
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10
Draw the Lewis structure for O2.
What is the shape of an oxygen
molecule?
What is the approximate angle between
lone pairs of electrons on each of the
oxygen atoms?
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11
Why can’t sp3 hybridization account for
the oxygen molecule ?
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12
An Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for sp2
Hybridization
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13
The Hybridization of the
s, px, and py Atomic Orbitals
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14
The Orbitals for C2H4
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15
sp2 Hybridization
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16
Draw the Lewis structure for CO2.
What is the shape of a carbon dioxide
molecule?
What are the bond angles?
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17
The Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the
Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals on Carbon
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18
When One s Orbital and One p Orbital are
Hybridized, a Set of Two sp Orbitals
Oriented at 180 Degrees Results
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19
The Orbitals for CO2
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20
sp Hybridization
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21
Draw the Lewis structure for PCl5.
What is the shape of a phosphorus
pentachloride molecule?
What are the bond angles?
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22
The Orbitals Used to Form the Bonds in PCI5
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23
Draw the Lewis structure for XeF4.
What is the shape of a xenon tetrafluoride
molecule?
What are the bond angles?
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24
XeF4
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25
Draw the Lewis structure for HCN.
Which hybrid orbitals are used?
Draw HCN:
• showing all bonds between atoms
• labeling each bond as  or .
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26
Which of the following is the more
accurate statement and why?
“The methane molecule is a tetrahedral
molecule because it is sp3 hybridized.”
“The methane molecule is sp3 hybridized
because it is a tetrahedral molecule.”
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27
Determine the bond angle and expected
hybridization of the central atom for each
of the following molecules:
NH3
CO2
SO2
ICl5
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KrF2
28
The Molecular Orbital Model
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29
The Combination of Hydrogen 1s Atomic
Orbitals to Form Molecular Orbitals
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30
The Molecular Orbitals for H2
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31
The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram
for the He2 Molecule
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32
The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram
for the Li2 Molecule
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33
(a) The three mutually perpendicular 2p orbitals on
two adjacent boron atoms. Two pairs of parallel p
orbitals can overlap as shown in (b) and (c), and the
third pair can overlap head-on as shown in (d).
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34
Pi Bond and Antibonding
Orbitals
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35
The Molecular Orbitals from
p Atomic Orbitals
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36
The Expected Molecular Orbital EnergyLevel Diagram Resulting from the
Combination of the 2p Orbitals on Two
Boron Atoms
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37
The Expected
Molecular Orbital
Energy-Level
Diagram for the B2
Molecule
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38
Molecular Orbital Diagram for a
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule
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39
Magnetic Properties of Liquid
Nitrogen and Oxygen
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40
Diagram of the
Kind of
Apparatus
Used to
Measure the
Paramagnetism
of a Sample
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41
The Correct
Molecular Orbital
Energy-Level
Diagram for the B2
Molecule
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42
Molecular
Orbital
Summary
of Second
Row
Diatomics
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43
Bonding in Heteronuclear
Diatomic Molecules
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44
A Partial
Molecular
Orbital
Energy-Level
Diagram for
the HF
Molecule
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45
The Electron Probability Distribution in the
Bonding Molecular Orbital of the HF
Molecule
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46
The Sigma System for Benzene
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47
The Pi System for Benzene
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48