CP502 Advanced Fluid Mechanics Flow of Viscous Fluids Set 02 Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid υ R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 ρ Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite channel with stationery plates - fully developed plane Poiseuille flow Fixed plate y z x 2a Fluid flow direction Fixed plate Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow Navier-Stokes equation will be used since the system considered is an incompressible flow (Assumption 1) of a Newtonian fluid (Assumption 2) Step 2: Choose the coordinate system Cartesian coordinate system is chosen R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in Cartesian coordinates Continuity: Navier-Stokes: x - component: y - component: z - component: R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite channel with stationery plates - fully developed plane Poiseuille flow Fixed plate y z x 2a Fluid flow direction Fixed plate Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of the velocity components R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 x direction: y direction: u = function of (t, x, y, z) v = function of (t, x, y, z) z direction: w = function of (t, x, y, z) } (1) Assumption (3): steady flow and therefore no change in time Assumption (4): infinite channel and therefore nothing happens in z-direction Assumption (5): fully developed flow and therefore no change in the flow direction (that is, x-direction) Using the above 3 assumptions, we reduce (1) to the following: R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 x direction: y direction: u = function of (y) v = function of (y) z direction: w=0 } (2) Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates v 0 y u v w 0 x y z v constant v0 or Flow geometry shows that vv can not be a constant, and therefore we choose Fixed plate v y v0 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 z x 2a Fluid flow direction Fixed plate The functional dependence of the velocity components therefore reduces to x direction: u = function of (y) (3) y direction: v=0 z direction: w=0 Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get x - component: y - component: z - component: R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 } N-S equation therefore reduces to p 2u 2 g x 0 x y p g y 0 y x - component: y - component: z - component: p g z 0 z Ignoring gravitational effects, we get p 2u 2 0 x y x - component: y - component: z - component: R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 (4) p 0 y p is not a function of y p 0 z p is not a function of z p is a function of x only Rewriting (4), we get 2 u 1 p 2 y x (5) p is a function of x only and is a constant and therefore RHS is a function of x only u is a function of y only and therefore LHS is a function of y only Therefore (5) gives, function of (y) = function of (x) = constant p It means p = constant x That is, pressure gradient in the x-direction is a constant. R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 LHS = left hand side of the equation RHS = right hand side of the equation Rewriting (5), we get 2 u 1 p p 2 y x (6) p where p is the constant pressure gradient in the x-direction x Since u is only a function of y, the partial derivative becomes an ordinary derivative. Therefore, (5) becomes d 2u p 2 dy R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 (7) Integrating (6), we get p y 2 u C1 y C2 2 (8) where C1 and C2 are constants to be determined using the boundary conditions given below: u0 u0 at at ya y a } no-slip boundary condition ya Fixed plate y x 2a Fluid flow direction y a Fixed plate Substituting the boundary conditions in (8), we get C1 0 and p a 2 C2 2 Therefore, (8) reduces to R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 p 2 u a y 2 Parabolic velocity profile 2 Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity - fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow p y 2 u C1 y C2 2 y where C1 and C2 are constants to be determined using the boundary conditions given below: u U u0 at at ya y a ya (8) } no-slip boundary condition Moving plate at velocity U x 2a Fluid flow direction y a Fixed plate Substituting the boundary conditions in (8), we get U C1 2a and U p a 2 C2 2 2 Therefore, (8) reduces to R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 Parabolic velocity profile p 2 U 2 a y is super imposed on a u a y 2 2a linear velocity profile Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity - fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow Starting from plane Coutte-Poiseuille flow p 2 U 2 a y u a y 2 2a ya Moving plate at velocity U y x If zero pressure gradient is maintained in the flow direction, then ∆p = 0. 2a Fluid flow direction y a Fixed plate Therefore, we get u R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 U a y Linear velocity profile 2a Point to remember: - Pressure gradient gives parabolic profile - Moving wall gives linear profile Let us get back to the velocity profile of fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow u p 2 U a y a y2 2 2a Let us non-dimensionalize it as follows: Rearranging gives Dividing by U gives a 2 p y2 U y 1 2 1 u 2 a 2 a u a 2 p y2 1 y 1 2 1 U 2 U a 2 a u y Introducing non-dimensional variables u and y a U a 2 p 1 2 u 1 y 1 y 2U 2 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 , we get Plot the non-dimensionalized velocity profile of the fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow a 2 p 1 2 u 1 y 1 y 2U 2 p 2 U / a 2 1 y y a 1 0.25 0 -0.5 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 0 -1 0.5 1 1.5 u u U 0 -0.25 -1 Plot the non-dimensionalized velocity profile of the fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow a 2 p 1 2 u 1 y 1 y 2U 2 1 y y a p 2 U / a 2 BACK FLOW 0 0 -0.25 0.75 -0.5 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 u u U -1 Plot the non-dimensionalized velocity profile of the fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow a 2 p 1 2 u 1 y 1 y 2U 2 p 2 U / a 2 1 y y a 0 -0.25 0 -1 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 0 -1 1 u u U -0.5 -1.5 Determine the volumetric flow rate of the fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow Let us determine the volumetric flow rate through one unit width fluid film along zdirection, using the velocity profile ya y Moving plate at velocity U x p 2 U 2 a y u a y 2 2a 2a Fluid flow direction y a Fixed plate a p 2 p 2 U y3 U y 2 2 a y dy a y ay Q udy a y 2 2a 3 2a 2 a a a 2 a a p 3 a 3 U 2 a 2 p 3 a 3 U 2 a 2 a a a Q a 3 2a 2 2 3 2a 2 2 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 2a 3 p Q Ua 3 Plot the non-dimensionalized volumetric flow rate of the fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow Non-dimensionalizing Q, we get Q 2 a 2 p 1 Ua 3 U 4 Q Ua Why the flow rate becomes zero? 3 2 1 0 -4 -2 0 -1 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 2 a 2 p U 4 Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe - fully developed pipe Poisuille flow φ Fixed pipe r z Fluid flow direction 2a Workout on your own R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 2a Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder - fully developed pipe Couette flow Step 1: Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are used Step 2: Cylindrical polar coordinate is chosen Step 3: functional dependence of the velocity components are determined r direction: ur = function of (t, r, , z) direction: u = function of (t, r, , z) z direction: uz = function of (t, r, , z) a b R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 r z aΩ Assumptions: - Steady flow no time dependence - fully developed no change in the axial (z)-direction - axi-symmetric flow no change in the tangential ( )-direction Flow condition: no flow in the axial (z-) direction is assumed. r direction: ur = function of (r) direction: u = function of (r) z direction: uz = 0 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 a b r z aΩ Step 4: Use the continuity equation ur = constant/r or ur = 0 Flow geometry shows that velocity component in the r-direction can not be a constant divided by r in order to satisfy the “no flow through the walls” boundary conditions, and therefore we choose ur = 0 r direction: ur = 0 direction: u = function of (r) z direction: uz = 0 R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 a b r z aΩ r direction: ur = 0 direction: u = function of (r) z direction: uz = 0 Step 5: Using the N-S equation, ignoring the gravity, we get Radial component: Tangential component: Axial component: R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 Radial component of the N-S equation reduces to p r r u2 which gives u2 p r r (9) Can you identify the centrifugal force??? Axial component of the N-S equation reduces to p 0 z R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 p is not a function of z Tangential component of the N-S equation reduces to 1 u 1 p r 0 r r r r u 2 r (10) which gives 1 d du p r r r dr dr Starting from which gives u 2 = function of r only = f(r) r (say) p f (r ) , we get p f (r ) p 0 at 0 and p 2 f (r) at 2 Pressure takes different values at 0 and at 2 , which is the same point in the tangential direction. Since pressure is continuous, it is impossible. p 0 Therefore, we conclude f(r) = 0, which gives R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 (11) Combining (10) and (11), we get 1 d du r r dr dr u 2 r (12) Radial component was u2 p r r (9) There are two unknowns and two equations. Solve (12) to get the tangential velocity component u Then solve (9) to get the pressure p R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 C2 Integrating (12) gives u C1r r (13) where C1 and C2 are constants to be determined using the no-slip boundary conditions given below: u a at r a u 0 at r b Substituting the boundary conditions in (13) gives a 2 C1 2 b a2 a 2b2 and C2 2 b a2 Therefore (13) could be written as a 2 u 2 2 b a R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 b2 r r (14) a b r z aΩ a 2 u 2 b a2 b2 r r (14) Let us introduce the following non-dimensional variables: u r u and r a a Using the non-dimensional, (14) is reduced to the following: (b / a ) 2 1 u r 2 (b / a ) 1 r R. Shanthini 15 March 2012 (15) This simple circular flow exists only at low rotational speed of the inner cylinder. As the rotational speed increases, this simple steady flow is replaced by another steady flow in which the space between cylinders is filled with (Taylor) vortices.