Theory of Elasticity 弹性力学 Chapter 8 Two-Dimensional Solution 平面问题的直角坐标求解 Content(内容) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Introduction(概述) Mathematical Preliminaries (数学基础) Stress and Equilibrium(应力与平衡) Displacements and Strains (位移与应变) Material Behavior- Linear Elastic Solids(弹性应力应变关系) Formulation and Solution Strategies(弹性力学问题求解) Two-Dimensional Formulation (平面问题基本理论) Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的直角坐标求解) Two-Dimensional Solution (平面问题的极坐标求解) Three-Dimensional Problems(三维空间问题) Bending of Thin Plates (薄板弯曲) Plastic deformation – Introduction(塑性力学基础) Introduction to Finite Element Mechod(有限元方法介绍) Chapter 1 Page 1 Two-Dimensional Solution in Cartesian Coordinate • 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials(直角坐标下的多项式解答) • 8.2 Uniaxial Tension of a Beam(梁的单轴拉 伸问题) • 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯 曲问题) Chapter 8 Page 2 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) ui , ij , ij ; , , Fi 0 3D 15 unknowns including 3 displacements, 6 strains, and 6 stresses. x xy Fx 0 2 2 x y ( 2 2 )( x y ) 0 x y xy y Fy 0 x y 2 2 2 4 0 4 x x y y 4 4 4 1 unknowns Chapter 8 Page 3 2D 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) General Solution Strategies(求解方法) 1、Direct Method(直接法) Direct integration of the field equations(直接积分场方程) ui , ij , ij ; , , Fi 0 Or stress and/or displacement formulations (得到应 力/位移方程.) Chapter 8 Page 4 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) Example: Stretching of Prismatic Bar Under Its Own Weight (受自重 的等截面杆) Fx Fy 0, Fz g x yx zx yz zx 0 x y f x xy 0, x y z The equilibrium equations reduce to y yz xy f y 0, (平衡方程简化为) y z x z xz yz z Fz 0。 Fz g z x y z Chapter 8 Page 4 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) Example: z Fz g z boundary condition σz |z=0=0 z ( z ) gz using Hooke’s law gz v gz z , x y E E xy xz yz 0 Chapter 8 Page 5 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) Example: gz v gz z , x y E E xy xz yz 0 integrating the strain-displacement relations: with boundary conditions of zero displacement and rotation at point A(积分应变-位移方程,加上A点 位移和转动都为0) v gxz v gzy u ,v E E g 2 z v( x 2 y 2 ) l 2 w 2E Chapter 8 Page 5 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) 2、Inverse Method(逆解法) particular displacements or stresses are selected that satisfy the basic field equations. A search is then conducted to identify a specific problem that would be solved by this solution field.(选择满 足相容方程的应力函数,再根据应力边条和几何边条找出能用所选取的应 力函数解决的问题.) φ 2 x 2 FX x y 2 y 2 FY y x 2 xy xy Chapter 8 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 0 4 x x y y Boundary Conditions geometry Page 6 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) 3、Semi-Inverse Method(半逆解法) part of the displacement and/or stress field is specified, and the other remaining portion is determined by the fundamental field equations (normally using direct integration) and the boundary conditions.(假定部 分或全部应力分量为某种形式的双调和函数,从而导出应力函数,再考察由这个 应力函数得到的应力分量是否满足全部边界条件) φ σ(part) 2 x 2 FX x y FY y 2 x 2 xy xy y Chapter 2 8 σ 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 0 4 x x y y Page 7 B. C.? 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) Inverse Method in terms of Polynomials:(多 项式解法) 1:one-order Polynomials (一次多项式) f f C0 C1 x C2 y 2 x y y 2 2 f FX x Assume Fx=Fy=0 x y xy 0 FY y x 2 f xy xy 2 Chapter One-order Polynomials is fit for zero body force, zero stress state.(适用于零体力,零面力情况) 8 Page 8 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) 2:two-order Polynomials (二次多项式) f C1 x2 C2 xy C3 y 2 x y 2 f y 2 2 f FX x FY y x 2 f xy xy 2 x 2C3 y 2C1 Assume Fx=Fy=0 Chapter xy C2 two-order Polynomials is fit for a uniformity distribution of stress(适用于均匀应力分布) 8 Page 8 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) 3:general states(推广到无穷阶) f ( x, y ) Amn x y m n y m 0 n 0 m + n 1 x=0, y=0,,xy=0 second-order a constant stress field third-order a linear distribution of stress higher-order …… Chapter 8 x Page 9 xy 2 f y 2 2 f x 2 2 f xy 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) f A40 x4 A22 x2 y 2 A40 y 4 满足双调各方程: 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 0 x 4 x y y A40 x 4 A22 x 2 y 2 A40 y 4 0 8.1 specifies one constant in terms of the other two leaving two constants to be determined by the boundary conditions.(由上式8.1再加上边界条件 就可求出所有系数) Chapter 8 Page 9 8.1 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions Using Polynomials (直角坐标下的多项式解答) f ( x, y ) Amn x m y n m 0 n 0 满足双调各方程: 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 0 x 4 x y y ( m 2)( m 1)m(m 1) Am2,n2 2m(m 1)n(n 1) Amm ( n 2)( n 1)n( n 1) Am2,n 2 0 the general relation that must be satisfied to ensure that the polynomial grouping is biharmonic(对于任意阶多项式要 满足双调和方程) Chapter 8 Page 10 8.2 Uniaxial Tension of a Beam (单轴拉伸梁) Problem: plane stress case Saint Venant approximation to the more general case with nonuniformly distributed tensile forces at the ends x =±l. (由圣维南 原理可知对于在x =±l处拉力分布不均但静力等效的情况也适用) Solution( inverse method) (逆解法): The boundary conditions (边界条件): Chapter 8 ( y ) y c 0, ( xy ) y c 0 ( x ) x l T , ( xy ) x l 0 Page 11 8.2 Uniaxial Tension of a Beam (单轴拉伸梁) 求应力函数Φ constant stresses on each of the beam’s boundaries: A02 y 2 2 2 2 x 2 , y 2 , xy y x xy polynomial is biharmonic Boundary condition x 2 A02 , y xy 0 ( x ) x l T , ( xy ) x l 0 Therefore, this problem is given by: A02 T 2 x T , y xy 0 Chapter 8 Page 12 8.2 Uniaxial Tension of a Beam (单轴拉伸梁) 求u ,ε T u 1 T u x f ( y) x ( x v y ) Integral(积分) E x E E T v 1 T y ( y v x ) v v v y g ( x ) y E E E xy u v g ( x) f ( y) cons tan t 2 xy 0 f ( y) g ( x) 0 y x f ( y ) o y uo f g 0 T u x E T v y E Chapter g ( x) o x vo x T / E y T / E Page x T , y xy 0 8.2 Uniaxial Tension of a Beam (单轴拉伸梁) inverse method(逆解法) A02 y x 2 A02 , y xy 0 2 Physical Equations e Geometrical Equations 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 0 4 x x y y Chapter 8 ( x ) xl T , ( xy ) xl 0 Page 14 u 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) q 1 ql ql h/2 h/2 z y x l l y Airy stress function(艾里应力函数) stress field(应力场) Boundary Conditions(边界条件) compare with elementary strength of materials(和材力结果相比) Chapter 8 Page 15 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) q 1 ql ql h/2 h/2 z x y l y ∵ q =const. y f ( y) 2) Format of Stress function l 2 y 2 f ( y) x plane stress conditions (semi-inverse method 半逆解法) 1, Airy stress function Integrate above: xf ( y ) f1 ( y ) Stress Component Force x2 x M (主要由弯矩引起;) x f ( y ) xf1 ( y ) f 2 ( y ) Q (主要由剪力引起;) xy 2 f ( y), f1 ( y), f 2 ( y) to be determined q (由 q 引起) y 1) Stress components Chapter 8 Page 16 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) xf ( y ) f1 ( y ) x 2 x f ( y) xf1 ( y) f 2 ( y) 2 3)satisfy the biharmonic equation 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 x 4 x 2y 2 y 4 4 0 4 x Chapter 8 4 x 2 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) f ( y ) xf ( y ) f 1 2 ( y) 4 y 2 4 2 2 2 2 f ( 2) ( y) x y Page x 2 ( 4) f ( y ) xf1( 4) ( y ) f 2( 4) ( y ) 2 2 f ( 2) ( y) 0 17 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) x ( 4) f ( y ) xf1( 4) ( y ) f 2( 4) ( y ) 2 f ( 2) ( y ) 0h/ h/ 2 2 2 q 1 2 y 关于 x 的二次方程,且要求 -l≤ x ≤ l 内方程均成立。 f ( 4) ( y) 0 ( 4) 1 f ( y) 0 f ( y) Ay3 By 2 Cy D f1 ( y) Ey3 Fy 2 Gy 2 此处略去了f1(y)中的常数项 x f ( y) xf1 ( y) f 2 ( y) 2 Chapter 8 Page f 2 ( y) 2 f ( 4) f 2 ( y) q lx q zl l y ( 2) l ( y) 0 A 5 B 4 y y Hy 3 Ky 2 10 6 x2 ( Ay 3 By 2 Cy D) x( Ey 3 Fy 2 Gy) 2 A B ( y 5 y 4 Hy 3 Ky 2 ) 10 6 18 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) x2 ( Ay 3 By 2 Cy D) x( Ey 3 Fy 2 Gy) 2 A 5 B 4 ( y y Hy 3 Ky 2 ) 10 6 9 unknown coefficients 2, stress field 2 x 2 x 2 (6 Ay 2 B) x(6 Ey 2 F ) 2 Ay 3 2 By 2 6 Hy 2 K y 2 2 y 2 x Ay3 By 2 Cy D 2 xy xy x(3 Ay 2 2By C ) (3Ey 2 2Fy G) Chapter 8 Page 19 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) 3, Boundary Conditions 2 x 2 y 1) Symmetry Condition 2 y 2 x Ay3 By 2 Cy D 2 xy xy x(3 Ay 2 2By C ) (3Ey 2 2Fy G) q q lx q l x , y xy x2 (6 Ay 2 B) x(6 Ey 2 F ) 2 Ay 3 2 By 2 6 Hy 2 K 2 6 Ey 2 F 0 3Ey 2 2Fy G 0 l l y E F G 0 —— x 的偶函数 x2 x (6 Ay 2 B) 2 Ay 3 2 By 2 6 Hy 2 K 2 —— x 的奇函数 y Ay3 By 2 Cy D xy x(3 Ay 2 2By C ) Chapter 8 Page 20 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) q 2) Boundary Conditions ql ql a) Top and bottom(上下面,主要) h y , y q; 2 h y , y 0; 2h y , xy 0; 2 x h2 3A Bh C 0 42 h 3A Bh C 0 4 h3 h2 h A B C D q 8 4 2 h3 h2 h A B C D 0 8 4 2 x2 x (6 Ay 2 B) 2 Ay 3 2 By 2 6 Hy 2 K 2 y Ay3 By 2 Cy D 8 l 2q A 3 , h B 0, 3q C 2h q D 2 xy x(3 Ay 2 2By C ) Chapter l y Page 21 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) 6q 2 4q 3 x 3 x y 3 y 6 Hy 2 K h h 2q 3 3q q ql y 3 y y h 2h 2 xy 6q 2 3q 3 xy x h 2h q ql x l y b) End conditions(左右边界,次要) x l, x x l h h y 2 2 0 xy x l h h y 2 2 未知 Using Saint-Venant’s Principle 轴力 N = 0; statically equivalent force 弯矩 M = 0; 剪力 Q = -ql; Chapter 8 Page 22 l 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) 轴力 N = 0; 弯矩 M = 0; 剪力 Q = -ql; h 2 h 2 h 2 h 2 h 2 h 2 N x x l dy 0 M x x l ydy 0 Q xy dy ql 6q 4q x 3 x 2 y 3 y 3 6 Hy 2 K h h y 2q 3 3q q y y h3 2h 2 6q 2 3q xy 3 xy x h 2h Chapter 8 Page x l K 0 ql 2 q H 3 h 10h 自动满足 2 6q 2 y y 3 2 x 3 (l x ) y q (4 2 ) h h h 5 2 q y 2 y y 1 1 2 h h 6q h 2 2 xy 3 x y h 4 23 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) 4, compare with elementary strength of materials 2 6q 2 y y 3 x 3 (l x 2 ) y q (4 2 ) h h 5 2h M y y2 3 x y q 4 2 I h h 5 2 q y 2 y y 1 1 2 h h q y 2 y y 1 1 2 h h 6q h 2 2 xy 3 x y Q qx h 4 2 q ql ql x l y Chapter l 8 h y2 S 8 2 1 3 I h 12 xy q 2 M (l x 2 ) 2 Page 24 QS bI 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) 4, compare with elementary strength of materials M y y 3 x y q 4 2 I h h 5 2 q y 2 y y 1 1 2 h h 2 xy QS bI Chapter 8 第一项与材力结果相同,为主要项。 第二项为修正项。当 h / l<<1,该项误差 很小,可略;当 h / l较大时,须修正。 为梁各层纤维间的挤压应力,材力中不 考虑。 与材力中相同。 Page 25 8.3 Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading(受均匀横向载荷的梁弯曲问题) M y y2 3 x y q 4 2 I h h 5 2 q y 2 y y 1 1 2 h h q ql ql x l y l y τ x () xy xy () Chapter 8 Page 26 QS bI Vocabulary(词汇) 多项式 单轴的 梁 均匀的 逆解法 半逆解法 双调和的 艾里应力函数 Polynomials Uniaxial Beam Uniform Inverse Method Semi-Inverse Method Biharmonic Airy stress function Chapter 8 Page 27 Homework o x b 1:设有矩形截面的长竖柱,密度为ρ,在一边侧面上受 均布剪力q,如图1,试求应力分量. q 提示:可假设σx=0,或假设τxy=f(x),或假设σy如材料力 学中偏心受压公式所示.上端边界条件如不能精确满 足,可应用圣维南原理. ρg y 图1 o x α ρg 2:设图2中的三角形悬臂梁只 受重力作用,而梁的密度为ρ, 试用纯三次式的应力函数求 解. y 图2 Chapter 8 Page 27 Homework y o 3:挡水墙的密度为ρ1,厚度为b,图3,水的密 度为ρ2,试求应力分量. b/2 b/2 ρ2 g ρ1 g (提示:可假设σy=xf(y)上端的边界条件如不 能精确满足,可应用圣维南原理,求出近似的 解答) x 图3 Chapter 8 Page 27