Chapter 12
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers,
Aldehydes, and Ketones
Aldehydes and Ketones
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Aldehydes and Ketones
 In an aldehyde, an H atom is attached to a
carbonyl group
O
carbonyl group

CH3-C-H
 In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to
a carbonyl group
O

CH3-C-CH3
carbonyl group
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Naming Aldehydes
 IUPAC Replace the -e in the alkane name -al
 Common Add aldehyde to the prefixes form
(1C), acet (2C), propion(3), and butry(4C)
O
O
O



H-C-H
CH3-C-H
CH3CH2C-H
methanal
ethanal
propanal
(formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) (propionaldehyde)
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Aldehydes as Flavorings
O
O
CH
CH
O
CH=CH CH
HO
OCH3
Benzaldehyde
(almonds)
Vanillin
(vanilla beans)
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Cinnamaldehyde
(cinnamon)
4
Glucose is an aldehyde
O
H
C
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
glucose
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Naming Ketones
 In the IUPAC name, the -e in the alkane name is
replaced with -one
 In the common name, add the word ketone
after naming the alkyl groups attached to the
O
carbonyl group
O

CH3 -C-CH3
O

CH3-C-CH2-CH3
Propanone
2-Butanone
Cyclohexanone
(Dimethyl ketone) (Ethyl methyl ketone)
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Ketones
OO

Butter flavor
CH3-C-C-CH3
O
butanedione

Clove flavor
CH3-C-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
2-heptanone
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Fructose is a Ketone
CH 2OH
C
HO
O
C H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
CH 2OH
D-Fructose
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Ketones as Hormones
CH2OH
O
CH3
O
OH
CH3
O
Cortisone
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Learning Check AK 1
Classify each as an aldehyde (1), ketone (2)
or neither(3).
O

A. CH3CH2CCH3
CH3
B. CH3-O-CH3
O
O

C. CH3-C-CH2CH
D.
CH3
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Solution AK 1
Classify each as an aldehyde (1), ketone (2)
or neither(3).
O

A. CH3CH2CCH3
CH3
2
O
O

C. CH3-C-CH2CH 1
CH3
B. CH3-O-CH3 3
D.
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Learning Check AK 2
Name the following
O
O

A. CH3CH2CCH3
CH3
B.
O

C. CH3-C-CH2CH
CH3
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Solution AK 2
O
O

A. CH3CH2CCH3
B.
2-butanone (ethyl methyl ketone)
CH3
O

C. CH3-C-CH2CH
CH3
2,2-dimethylbutanal
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cyclohexanone
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Learning Check AK 3
Draw the structural formulas for each:
A. 3-Methylpentanal
B. 2,3-Dichloropropanal
C. 3-Methyl-2-butanone
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Solution AK 3
Draw the structural formulas for each:
CH3
A. 3-Methylpentanal
O

CH3CHCHCH2CH
Br O

B. 2,3-Dichloropropanal
Br-CH2CHCH
O

C. 3-Methyl-2-butanone
CH3CHCCH3
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CH3
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