Prayer
Attendance
Homework
Nervous System
Ms. Doshi
Organization of the Vertebrae Nervous System
There are 3 types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons (감각 신경)
• Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) transmit (전송)
impulses from sensory organs (ex: the eye and the ear) to
the brain and spinal cord.
2. Motor neurons (운동 뉴런)
• Motor neuron (efferent or effector neurons) transmit
impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or
glands.
3. Interneurons (의 interneurons)
• Interneurons (association neurons) join together sensory
and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and
process neural output (공정 신경 출력).
3 Types of Neurons
3 types of neurons:
Sensory neurons (감각 신경)
Motor neurons (운동 뉴런)
Interneurons (의 interneurons)
Nerves
Nerves
• Organized bundles (조직
번들) of axons covered
(적용) by connective
tissue (결합 조직).
• Transmit (전송) impulses
(전기 자극) over long
distances.
• Named according to (에
따라) type of neuron.
– Examples: sensory nerves
and motor nerves.
Mixed Nerves
• Have both sensory and motor
neurons.
• Conduct impulses in either
direction (어느 방향).
• Cell bodies of mixed nerves
join together to form ganglia.
• Ganglia coordinate (좌표 Verb:
대등하게 하다) activities in
the nervous system.
• Ganglia in the brain or spinal
cord are called nuclei.
Questions
1. What are the three types of neurons?
2. What do sensory neurons do?
3. What do motor neurons do?
4. What do interneurons do?
5. What are nerves?
6. What do nerves do?
7. What are mixed nerves?
8. What do mixed nerves do?
9. What are ganglia?
10.What do ganglia do?
11.Another name for ganglia in the spinal cord or brain.
Organisation of the Nervous System
• Memorize
Organisation of the Nervous System
A
B
D
C
F
E
G
H
CNS: Brain
Brain
• Outer part has nerve
cell bodies (gray
matter)
• Inner part has axons
(white matter)
• Has 3 parts:
– forebrain
– midbrain
– hindbrain
Forebrain: Structure
•
•
Telencephalon
– Cerebrum (center part)
– Right and left hemispheres
joined by the corpus callosum
• Each hemisphere has 4
lobes: parietal, temporal,
occipital, and frontal.
– Cerebral cortex (largest part of
the human brain)
– Contains olfactory lobe
Diencephalon
– Contains thalamus and
hypothalamus
4 Lobes of Each Hemisphere
Forebrain: Structure
a
b
c
g
d
f
e
Forebrain
Telencephalon
• Cerebral cortex
– Processes and integrates
sensory input and motor
response. 프로세스 및 감각
입력 및 모터 응답을 통합
– Controls memory and
creative thought. 제어 메모
리와 창조적 인 생각 .
• Olfactory lobe
– Centre for reception and
integration of olfactory input.
리셉션과 후각 입력 의 통합
을위한 센터 .
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
– Relay and integration center
(릴레이 및 통합 센터) for
the spinal cord and cerebral
cortex.
• Hypothalamus
– Controls visceral functions
(내장 기능을 제어) such as
hunger, thirst, sex drive,
water balance, pain, blood
pressure, and temperature
regulation.
– Links the nervous and
endocrine systems.
Questions
1. What is the function of:
•
•
•
•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cerebral cortex
Olfactory lobe
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
What is the largest part of the human brain?
What are the two major parts of the forebrain?
What are the four lobes in each hemisphere?
What joins the right and left hemisphere?
What part of the brain has nerve cell bodies?
What part of the brain has axons?
What are the three parts of the brain?
Midbrain
• Relay center for visual
and auditory impulses.
시각 및 청각 자극 에
대한 릴레이 센터 .
• Sends sensory
information to the
forebrain. 전뇌 에 감각
정보 를 전송합니다.
Hindbrain
• Posterior part of the
brain.
• All higher sensory
neurons and motor
neurons pass through
the hindbrain.
• Consists of the
cerebellum, the pons,
and the medulla
oblongata.
Hindbrain: Cerebellum
Functions:
• Coordinates and modulates
motor impulses into
unconscious coordination of
movement. 좌표 와 운동의
의식이 조정 에 모터 충동
을 변조한다.
• Hand-eye coordination.
• Maintain posture and
balance. 자세와 균형을 유
지.
Hindbrain: Pons
Functions:
• Relay center(중계 센터)
for cortical fibers to the
cerebellum.
• Has nuclei (ganglia) that
regulate (규제 Verb: 규
정하다) the respiratory
centers in the medulla
oblongata.
Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata
Function:
• Controls autonomic,
homeostatic activities
such as breathing, heart
rate, and
gastrointestinal activity.
CNS: Spinal Cord
• Continues with the brain stem.
• Nearly all nervous tissue innervating viscera (에 분포하는 의 내장을)
and muscle, below the head, pass through the spinal cord.
• The spinal cord integrates simple motor responses (reflexes) and relays
information to and from the brain. 척수 는 간단한 모터 응답 ( 반사 )
를 통합하고 및 뇌 에서 정보를 릴레이합니다.
Spinal Cord
• White matter
– Contains motor and
sensory axons.
• Gray matter
– Contains interneurons
and cell bodies of motor
neurons.
Sensory Root Nerve Fibers
vs. Motor Root Nerve Fibers
• Sensory root nerve fibers:
– Relay information to the
spinal cord
– Enter the spinal cord
dorsally.
– Their cell bodies are outside
the spinal cord in the dorsal
root ganglia.
• Motor root nerve fibers:
– Connect with the spinal cord
ventrally.
– Their cell bodies are inside
the spinal cord
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What does the midbrain do?
What are the three parts of the hindbrain?
What does the cerebellum do?
What does the pons do?
What does the medulla oblongata do?
What does the spinal cord do?
What is the gray matter in the spinal cord?
What is the white matter in the spinal cord?
What do sensory root nerve fibers do? Where are their cell
bodies?
10.What do motor root nerve fibers do? Where are their cell
bodies?